Merge pull request #32950 from ytdl-org/master

Merge from master
2024-11-22 02:01:50 +00:00 · 2024-10-14 14:09:51 +01:00 · 2024-10-14 14:09:51 +01:00 · 49093c09c0
commit 49093c09c0
parent f3cf092584 c5098961b0
136 changed files with 17041 additions and 3547 deletions
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
@ -0,0 +1 @@
+blank_issues_enabled: false
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@ -1,81 +1,479 @@
 name: CI
-on: [push, pull_request]
+
+env:
+  all-cpython-versions: 2.6, 2.7, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12
+  main-cpython-versions: 2.7, 3.2, 3.5, 3.9, 3.11
+  pypy-versions: pypy-2.7, pypy-3.6, pypy-3.7
+  cpython-versions: main
+  test-set: core
+  # Python beta version to be built using pyenv before setup-python support
+  # Must also be included in all-cpython-versions 
+  next: 3.13
+
+on:
+  push:
+    # push inputs aren't known to GitHub
+    inputs:
+      cpython-versions:
+        type: string
+        default: all
+      test-set:
+        type: string
+        default: core
+  pull_request:
+    # pull_request inputs aren't known to GitHub
+    inputs:
+      cpython-versions:
+        type: string
+        default: main
+      test-set:
+        type: string
+        default: both
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      cpython-versions:
+        type: choice
+        description: CPython versions (main = 2.7, 3.2, 3.5, 3.9, 3.11)
+        options:
+          - all
+          - main
+        required: true
+        default: main
+      test-set:
+        type: choice
+        description: core, download
+        options:
+          - both
+          - core
+          - download
+        required: true
+        default: both
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
+  select:
+    name: Select tests from inputs
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    outputs:
+      cpython-versions: ${{ steps.run.outputs.cpython-versions }}
+      test-set: ${{ steps.run.outputs.test-set }}
+      own-pip-versions: ${{ steps.run.outputs.own-pip-versions }}
+    steps:
+    # push and pull_request inputs aren't known to GitHub (pt3)
+    - name: Set push defaults
+      if: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' }}
+      env:
+        cpython-versions: all
+        test-set: core
+      run: |
+        echo "cpython-versions=${{env.cpython-versions}}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+        echo "test_set=${{env.test_set}}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+    - name: Get pull_request inputs
+      if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
+      env:
+        cpython-versions: main
+        test-set: both
+      run: |
+        echo "cpython-versions=${{env.cpython-versions}}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+        echo "test_set=${{env.test_set}}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+    - name: Make version array
+      id: run
+      run: |
+        # Make a JSON Array from comma/space-separated string (no extra escaping)
+        json_list() { \
+          ret=""; IFS="${IFS},"; set -- $*; \
+          for a in "$@"; do \
+            ret=$(printf '%s"%s"' "${ret}${ret:+, }" "$a"); \
+          done; \
+          printf '[%s]' "$ret"; }
+        tests="${{ inputs.test-set || env.test-set }}"
+        [ $tests = both ] && tests="core download"
+        printf 'test-set=%s\n' "$(json_list $tests)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+        versions="${{ inputs.cpython-versions || env.cpython-versions }}"
+        if [ "$versions" = all ]; then \
+          versions="${{ env.all-cpython-versions }}"; else \
+          versions="${{ env.main-cpython-versions }}"; \
+        fi
+        printf 'cpython-versions=%s\n' \
+          "$(json_list ${versions}${versions:+, }${{ env.pypy-versions }})" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+        # versions with a special get-pip.py in a per-version subdirectory
+        printf 'own-pip-versions=%s\n' \
+          "$(json_list 2.6, 2.7, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
  tests:
-    name: Tests
+    name: Run tests
+    needs: select
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      packages: write
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    env:
+      PIP: python -m pip
+      PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK: true
+      PIP_NO_PYTHON_VERSION_WARNING: true
    strategy:
      fail-fast: true
      matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-18.04]
-        # TODO: python 2.6
-        python-version: [2.7, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, pypy-2.7, pypy-3.6, pypy-3.7]
+        os: [ubuntu-20.04]
+        python-version: ${{ fromJSON(needs.select.outputs.cpython-versions) }}
        python-impl: [cpython]
-        ytdl-test-set: [core, download]
+        ytdl-test-set: ${{ fromJSON(needs.select.outputs.test-set) }}
        run-tests-ext: [sh]
        include:
-        # python 3.2 is only available on windows via setup-python
-        - os: windows-latest
-          python-version: 3.2
+        - os: windows-2019
+          python-version: 3.4
          python-impl: cpython
-          ytdl-test-set: core
+          ytdl-test-set: ${{ contains(needs.select.outputs.test-set, 'core') && 'core' || 'nocore' }}
          run-tests-ext: bat
-        - os: windows-latest
-          python-version: 3.2
+        - os: windows-2019
+          python-version: 3.4
          python-impl: cpython
-          ytdl-test-set: download
+          ytdl-test-set: ${{ contains(needs.select.outputs.test-set, 'download') && 'download'  || 'nodownload' }}
          run-tests-ext: bat
        # jython
-        - os: ubuntu-18.04
+        - os: ubuntu-20.04
+          python-version: 2.7
          python-impl: jython
-          ytdl-test-set: core
+          ytdl-test-set: ${{ contains(needs.select.outputs.test-set, 'core') && 'core' || 'nocore' }}
          run-tests-ext: sh
-        - os: ubuntu-18.04
+        - os: ubuntu-20.04
+          python-version: 2.7
          python-impl: jython
-          ytdl-test-set: download
+          ytdl-test-set: ${{ contains(needs.select.outputs.test-set, 'download') && 'download'  || 'nodownload' }}
          run-tests-ext: sh
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-    - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v2
-      if: ${{ matrix.python-impl == 'cpython' }}
+    - name: Prepare Linux
+      if: ${{ startswith(matrix.os, 'ubuntu') }}
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        # apt in runner, if needed, may not be up-to-date
+        sudo apt-get update
+    - name: Checkout
+      uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    #-------- Python 3 -----
+    - name: Set up supported Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+      id: setup-python
+      if: ${{ matrix.python-impl == 'cpython' && matrix.python-version != '2.6' && matrix.python-version != '2.7' && matrix.python-version != env.next }}
+      # wrap broken actions/setup-python@v4
+      # NB may run apt-get install in Linux
+      uses: ytdl-org/setup-python@v1
+      env:
+        # Temporary workaround for Python 3.5 failures - May 2024
+        PIP_TRUSTED_HOST: "pypi.python.org pypi.org files.pythonhosted.org"
      with:
        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+        cache-build: true
+        allow-build: info
+    - name: Locate supported Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+      if: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        echo "PYTHONHOME=${pythonLocation}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+        export expected="${{ steps.setup-python.outputs.python-path }}"
+        dirname() { printf '%s\n' \
+            'import os, sys' \
+            'print(os.path.dirname(sys.argv[1]))' \
+            | ${expected} - "$1"; }
+        expd="$(dirname "$expected")"
+        export python="$(command -v python)"
+        [ "$expd" = "$(dirname "$python")" ] || echo "PATH=$expd:${PATH}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+        [ -x "$python" ] || printf '%s\n' \
+            'import os' \
+            'exp = os.environ["expected"]' \
+            'python = os.environ["python"]' \
+            'exps = os.path.split(exp)' \
+            'if python and (os.path.dirname(python) == exp[0]):' \
+            '    exit(0)' \
+            'exps[1] = "python" + os.path.splitext(exps[1])[1]' \
+            'python = os.path.join(*exps)' \
+            'try:' \
+            '    os.symlink(exp, python)' \
+            'except AttributeError:' \
+            '    os.rename(exp, python)' \
+            | ${expected} -
+        printf '%s\n' \
+            'import sys' \
+            'print(sys.path)' \
+            | ${expected} -
+    #-------- Python next (was 3.12) -
+    - name: Set up CPython 3.next environment
+      if: ${{ matrix.python-impl == 'cpython' && matrix.python-version == env.next }}
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        PYENV_ROOT=$HOME/.local/share/pyenv
+        echo "PYENV_ROOT=${PYENV_ROOT}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+    - name: Cache Python 3.next 
+      id: cachenext
+      if: ${{ matrix.python-impl == 'cpython' && matrix.python-version == env.next }}
+      uses: actions/cache@v3
+      with:
+        key: python-${{ env.next }}
+        path: |
+          ${{ env.PYENV_ROOT }}
+    - name: Build and set up Python 3.next
+      if: ${{ matrix.python-impl == 'cpython' && matrix.python-version == env.next && ! steps.cachenext.outputs.cache-hit }}
+      # dl and build locally
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        # Install build environment
+        sudo apt-get install -y build-essential llvm libssl-dev tk-dev  \
+                      libncursesw5-dev libreadline-dev libsqlite3-dev   \
+                      libffi-dev xz-utils zlib1g-dev libbz2-dev liblzma-dev
+        # Download PyEnv from its GitHub repository.
+        export PYENV_ROOT=${{ env.PYENV_ROOT }}
+        export PATH=$PYENV_ROOT/bin:$PATH
+        git clone "https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv.git" "$PYENV_ROOT"
+        pyenv install ${{ env.next }}
+    - name: Locate Python 3.next
+      if: ${{ matrix.python-impl == 'cpython' && matrix.python-version == env.next }}
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        PYTHONHOME="$(echo "${{ env.PYENV_ROOT }}/versions/${{ env.next }}."*)"
+        test -n "$PYTHONHOME"
+        echo "PYTHONHOME=$PYTHONHOME" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+        echo "PATH=${PYTHONHOME}/bin:$PATH" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+    #-------- Python 2.7 --
+    - name: Set up Python 2.7
+      if: ${{ matrix.python-impl == 'cpython' && matrix.python-version == '2.7' }}
+      # install 2.7
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        sudo apt-get install -y python2 python-is-python2
+        echo "PYTHONHOME=/usr" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+    #-------- Python 2.6 --
+    - name: Set up Python 2.6 environment
+      if: ${{ matrix.python-impl == 'cpython' && matrix.python-version == '2.6' }}
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        openssl_name=openssl-1.0.2u
+        echo "openssl_name=${openssl_name}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+        openssl_dir=$HOME/.local/opt/$openssl_name
+        echo "openssl_dir=${openssl_dir}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+        PYENV_ROOT=$HOME/.local/share/pyenv
+        echo "PYENV_ROOT=${PYENV_ROOT}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+        sudo apt-get install -y openssl ca-certificates
+    - name: Cache Python 2.6
+      id: cache26
+      if: ${{ matrix.python-version == '2.6' }}
+      uses: actions/cache@v3
+      with:
+        key: python-2.6.9
+        path: |
+          ${{ env.openssl_dir }}
+          ${{ env.PYENV_ROOT }}
+    - name: Build and set up Python 2.6
+      if: ${{ matrix.python-impl == 'cpython' && matrix.python-version == '2.6' && ! steps.cache26.outputs.cache-hit }}
+      # dl and build locally
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        # Install build environment
+        sudo apt-get install -y build-essential llvm libssl-dev tk-dev  \
+                      libncursesw5-dev libreadline-dev libsqlite3-dev   \
+                      libffi-dev xz-utils zlib1g-dev libbz2-dev liblzma-dev
+        # Download and install OpenSSL 1.0.2, back in time
+        openssl_name=${{ env.openssl_name }}
+        openssl_targz=${openssl_name}.tar.gz
+        openssl_dir=${{ env.openssl_dir }}
+        openssl_inc=$openssl_dir/include
+        openssl_lib=$openssl_dir/lib
+        openssl_ssl=$openssl_dir/ssl
+        curl -L "https://www.openssl.org/source/$openssl_targz" -o $openssl_targz
+        tar -xf $openssl_targz
+        ( cd $openssl_name; \
+          ./config --prefix=$openssl_dir --openssldir=${openssl_dir}/ssl \
+            --libdir=lib -Wl,-rpath=${openssl_dir}/lib shared zlib-dynamic && \
+          make && \
+          make install )
+        rm -rf $openssl_name
+        rmdir $openssl_ssl/certs && ln -s /etc/ssl/certs $openssl_ssl/certs
+        # Download PyEnv from its GitHub repository.
+        export PYENV_ROOT=${{ env.PYENV_ROOT }}
+        export PATH=$PYENV_ROOT/bin:$PATH
+        git clone "https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv.git" "$PYENV_ROOT"
+        # Prevent pyenv build trying (and failing) to update pip
+        export GET_PIP=get-pip-2.6.py
+        echo 'import sys; sys.exit(0)' > ${GET_PIP}
+        GET_PIP=$(realpath $GET_PIP)
+        # Build and install Python
+        export CFLAGS="-I$openssl_inc"
+        export LDFLAGS="-L$openssl_lib"
+        export LD_LIBRARY_PATH="$openssl_lib"
+        pyenv install 2.6.9
+    - name: Locate Python 2.6
+      if: ${{ matrix.python-impl == 'cpython' && matrix.python-version == '2.6' }}
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        PYTHONHOME="${{ env.PYENV_ROOT }}/versions/2.6.9"
+        echo "PYTHONHOME=$PYTHONHOME" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+        echo "PATH=${PYTHONHOME}/bin:$PATH" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+        echo "LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${{ env.openssl_dir }}/lib${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:+:}${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+    #-------- Jython ------
    - name: Set up Java 8
      if: ${{ matrix.python-impl == 'jython' }}
-      uses: actions/setup-java@v1
+      uses: actions/setup-java@v3
      with:
        java-version: 8
+        distribution: 'zulu'
+    - name: Setup Jython environment
+      if: ${{ matrix.python-impl == 'jython' }}
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        echo "JYTHON_ROOT=${HOME}/jython" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+        echo "PIP=pip" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+    - name: Cache Jython
+      id: cachejy
+      if: ${{ matrix.python-impl == 'jython' && matrix.python-version == '2.7' }}
+      uses: actions/cache@v3
+      with:
+        # 2.7.3 now available, may solve SNI issue
+        key: jython-2.7.1
+        path: |
+          ${{ env.JYTHON_ROOT }}
    - name: Install Jython
-      if: ${{ matrix.python-impl == 'jython' }}
+      if: ${{ matrix.python-impl == 'jython' && matrix.python-version == '2.7' && ! steps.cachejy.outputs.cache-hit }}
+      shell: bash
      run: |
-        wget https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/python/jython-installer/2.7.1/jython-installer-2.7.1.jar -O jython-installer.jar
-        java -jar jython-installer.jar -s -d "$HOME/jython"
-        echo "$HOME/jython/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
-    - name: Install nose
-      if: ${{ matrix.python-impl != 'jython' }}
-      run: pip install nose
-    - name: Install nose (Jython)
-      if: ${{ matrix.python-impl == 'jython' }}
-      # Working around deprecation of support for non-SNI clients at PyPI CDN (see https://status.python.org/incidents/hzmjhqsdjqgb)
+        JYTHON_ROOT="${{ env.JYTHON_ROOT }}"
+        curl -L "https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/python/jython-installer/2.7.1/jython-installer-2.7.1.jar" -o jython-installer.jar
+        java -jar jython-installer.jar -s -d "${JYTHON_ROOT}"
+        echo "${JYTHON_ROOT}/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
+    - name: Set up cached Jython
+      if: ${{ steps.cachejy.outputs.cache-hit }}
+      shell: bash
      run: |
-        wget https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/99/4f/13fb671119e65c4dce97c60e67d3fd9e6f7f809f2b307e2611f4701205cb/nose-1.3.7-py2-none-any.whl
-        pip install nose-1.3.7-py2-none-any.whl
+        JYTHON_ROOT="${{ env.JYTHON_ROOT }}"
+        echo "${JYTHON_ROOT}/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
+    - name: Install supporting Python 2.7 if possible
+      if: ${{ steps.cachejy.outputs.cache-hit }}
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        sudo apt-get install -y python2.7 || true
+    #-------- pip ---------
+    - name: Set up supported Python ${{ matrix.python-version }} pip
+      if: ${{ (matrix.python-version != '3.2' && steps.setup-python.outputs.python-path) || matrix.python-version == '2.7' }}
+      # This step may run in either Linux or Windows
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        echo "$PATH"
+        echo "$PYTHONHOME"
+        # curl is available on both Windows and Linux, -L follows redirects, -O gets name
+        python -m ensurepip || python -m pip --version || { \
+          get_pip="${{ contains(needs.select.outputs.own-pip-versions, matrix.python-version) && format('{0}/', matrix.python-version) || '' }}"; \
+          curl -L -O "https://bootstrap.pypa.io/pip/${get_pip}get-pip.py"; \
+          python get-pip.py; }
+    - name: Set up Python 2.6 pip
+      if: ${{ matrix.python-version == '2.6' }}
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        python -m pip --version || { \
+          curl -L -O "https://bootstrap.pypa.io/pip/2.6/get-pip.py"; \
+          curl -L -O "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ac/95/a05b56bb975efa78d3557efa36acaf9cf5d2fd0ee0062060493687432e03/pip-9.0.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl"; \
+          python get-pip.py --no-setuptools --no-wheel pip-9.0.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl; }
+        # work-around to invoke pip module on 2.6: https://bugs.python.org/issue2751
+        echo "PIP=python -m pip.__main__" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+    - name: Set up other Python ${{ matrix.python-version }} pip
+      if: ${{ matrix.python-version == '3.2' && steps.setup-python.outputs.python-path }}
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        python -m pip --version || { \
+          curl -L -O "https://bootstrap.pypa.io/pip/3.2/get-pip.py"; \
+          curl -L -O "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/b2/d0/cd115fe345dd6f07ec1c780020a7dfe74966fceeb171e0f20d1d4905b0b7/pip-7.1.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl"; \
+          python get-pip.py --no-setuptools --no-wheel pip-7.1.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl; }
+    #-------- unittest ----
+    - name: Upgrade Unittest for Python 2.6
+      if: ${{ matrix.python-version == '2.6' }}
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        # Work around deprecation of support for non-SNI clients at PyPI CDN (see https://status.python.org/incidents/hzmjhqsdjqgb)
+        $PIP -qq show unittest2 || { \
+          for u in "65/26/32b8464df2a97e6dd1b656ed26b2c194606c16fe163c695a992b36c11cdf/six-1.13.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl" \
+              "f2/94/3af39d34be01a24a6e65433d19e107099374224905f1e0cc6bbe1fd22a2f/argparse-1.4.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl" \
+              "c7/a3/c5da2a44c85bfbb6eebcfc1dde24933f8704441b98fdde6528f4831757a6/linecache2-1.0.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl" \
+              "17/0a/6ac05a3723017a967193456a2efa0aa9ac4b51456891af1e2353bb9de21e/traceback2-1.4.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl" \
+              "72/20/7f0f433060a962200b7272b8c12ba90ef5b903e218174301d0abfd523813/unittest2-1.1.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl"; do \
+            curl -L -O "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/${u}"; \
+            $PIP install ${u##*/}; \
+          done; }
+        # make tests use unittest2
+        for test in ./test/test_*.py ./test/helper.py; do
+          sed -r -i -e '/^import unittest$/s/test/test2 as unittest/' "$test"
+        done
+    #-------- nose --------
+    - name: Install nose for Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+      if: ${{ (matrix.python-version != '3.2' && steps.setup-python.outputs.python-path) || (matrix.python-impl == 'cpython' && (matrix.python-version == '2.7' || matrix.python-version == env.next)) }}
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        echo "$PATH"
+        echo "$PYTHONHOME"
+        # Use PyNose for recent Pythons instead of Nose
+        py3ver="${{ matrix.python-version }}"
+        py3ver=${py3ver#3.}
+        [ "$py3ver" != "${{ matrix.python-version }}" ] && py3ver=${py3ver%.*} || py3ver=0
+        [ "$py3ver" -ge 9 ] && nose=pynose || nose=nose
+        $PIP -qq show $nose || $PIP install $nose
+    - name: Install nose for other Python 2
+      if: ${{ matrix.python-impl == 'jython' || (matrix.python-impl == 'cpython' && matrix.python-version == '2.6') }}
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        # Work around deprecation of support for non-SNI clients at PyPI CDN (see https://status.python.org/incidents/hzmjhqsdjqgb)
+        $PIP -qq show nose || { \
+          curl -L -O "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/99/4f/13fb671119e65c4dce97c60e67d3fd9e6f7f809f2b307e2611f4701205cb/nose-1.3.7-py2-none-any.whl"; \
+          $PIP install nose-1.3.7-py2-none-any.whl; }
+    - name: Install nose for other Python 3
+      if: ${{ matrix.python-version == '3.2' && steps.setup-python.outputs.python-path }}
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        $PIP -qq show nose || { \
+          curl -L -O "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/15/d8/dd071918c040f50fa1cf80da16423af51ff8ce4a0f2399b7bf8de45ac3d9/nose-1.3.7-py3-none-any.whl"; \
+          $PIP install nose-1.3.7-py3-none-any.whl; }
+    - name: Set up nosetest test
+      if: ${{ contains(needs.select.outputs.test-set, matrix.ytdl-test-set ) }}
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        # set PYTHON_VER
+        PYTHON_VER=${{ matrix.python-version }}
+        [ "${PYTHON_VER#*-}" != "$PYTHON_VER" ] || PYTHON_VER="${{ matrix.python-impl }}-${PYTHON_VER}"
+        echo "PYTHON_VER=$PYTHON_VER" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+        echo "PYTHON_IMPL=${{ matrix.python-impl }}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+        # define a test to validate the Python version used by nosetests
+        printf '%s\n' \
+          'from __future__ import unicode_literals' \
+          'import sys, os, platform' \
+          'try:' \
+          '    import unittest2 as unittest' \
+          'except ImportError:' \
+          '    import unittest' \
+          'class TestPython(unittest.TestCase):' \
+          '    def setUp(self):' \
+          '        self.ver = os.environ["PYTHON_VER"].split("-")' \
+          '    def test_python_ver(self):' \
+          '        self.assertEqual(["%d" % v for v in sys.version_info[:2]], self.ver[-1].split(".")[:2])' \
+          '        self.assertTrue(sys.version.startswith(self.ver[-1]))' \
+          '        self.assertIn(self.ver[0], ",".join((sys.version, platform.python_implementation())).lower())' \
+          '    def test_python_impl(self):' \
+          '        self.assertIn(platform.python_implementation().lower(), (os.environ["PYTHON_IMPL"], self.ver[0]))' \
+          > test/test_python.py
+    #-------- TESTS -------
    - name: Run tests
+      if: ${{ contains(needs.select.outputs.test-set, matrix.ytdl-test-set ) }}
      continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.ytdl-test-set == 'download' || matrix.python-impl == 'jython' }}
      env:
        YTDL_TEST_SET: ${{ matrix.ytdl-test-set }}
-      run: ./devscripts/run_tests.${{ matrix.run-tests-ext }}
+      run: |
+        ./devscripts/run_tests.${{ matrix.run-tests-ext }}
  flake8:
    name: Linter
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
    - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v4
      with:
        python-version: 3.9
    - name: Install flake8
      run: pip install flake8
    - name: Run flake8
      run: flake8 .
+
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ After you have ensured this site is distributing its content legally, you can fo
                # TODO more properties (see youtube_dl/extractor/common.py)
            }
    ```
-5. Add an import in [`youtube_dl/extractor/extractors.py`](https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/extractor/extractors.py).
+5. Add an import in [`youtube_dl/extractor/extractors.py`](https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/extractor/extractors.py). This makes the extractor available for use, as long as the class ends with `IE`.
 6. Run `python test/test_download.py TestDownload.test_YourExtractor`. This *should fail* at first, but you can continually re-run it until you're done. If you decide to add more than one test, then rename ``_TEST`` to ``_TESTS`` and make it into a list of dictionaries. The tests will then be named `TestDownload.test_YourExtractor`, `TestDownload.test_YourExtractor_1`, `TestDownload.test_YourExtractor_2`, etc. Note that tests with `only_matching` key in test's dict are not counted in.
 7. Have a look at [`youtube_dl/extractor/common.py`](https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py) for possible helper methods and a [detailed description of what your extractor should and may return](https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/blob/7f41a598b3fba1bcab2817de64a08941200aa3c8/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py#L94-L303). Add tests and code for as many as you want.
 8. Make sure your code follows [youtube-dl coding conventions](#youtube-dl-coding-conventions) and check the code with [flake8](https://flake8.pycqa.org/en/latest/index.html#quickstart):
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Windows users can [download an .exe file](https://yt-dl.org/latest/youtube-dl.ex
 You can also use pip:

    sudo -H pip install --upgrade youtube-dl
-    
+
 This command will update youtube-dl if you have already installed it. See the [pypi page](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/youtube_dl) for more information.

 macOS users can install youtube-dl with [Homebrew](https://brew.sh/):
@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ The basic usage is not to set any template arguments when downloading a single f
 - `is_live` (boolean): Whether this video is a live stream or a fixed-length video
 - `start_time` (numeric): Time in seconds where the reproduction should start, as specified in the URL
 - `end_time` (numeric): Time in seconds where the reproduction should end, as specified in the URL
- - `format` (string): A human-readable description of the format 
+ - `format` (string): A human-readable description of the format
 - `format_id` (string): Format code specified by `--format`
 - `format_note` (string): Additional info about the format
 - `width` (numeric): Width of the video
@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ To use percent literals in an output template use `%%`. To output to stdout use

 The current default template is `%(title)s-%(id)s.%(ext)s`.

-In some cases, you don't want special characters such as 中, spaces, or &, such as when transferring the downloaded filename to a Windows system or the filename through an 8bit-unsafe channel. In these cases, add the `--restrict-filenames` flag to get a shorter title:
+In some cases, you don't want special characters such as 中, spaces, or &, such as when transferring the downloaded filename to a Windows system or the filename through an 8bit-unsafe channel. In these cases, add the `--restrict-filenames` flag to get a shorter title.

 #### Output template and Windows batch files

@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ The general syntax for format selection is `--format FORMAT` or shorter `-f FORM

 **tl;dr:** [navigate me to examples](#format-selection-examples).

-The simplest case is requesting a specific format, for example with `-f 22` you can download the format with format code equal to 22. You can get the list of available format codes for particular video using `--list-formats` or `-F`. Note that these format codes are extractor specific. 
+The simplest case is requesting a specific format, for example with `-f 22` you can download the format with format code equal to 22. You can get the list of available format codes for particular video using `--list-formats` or `-F`. Note that these format codes are extractor specific.

 You can also use a file extension (currently `3gp`, `aac`, `flv`, `m4a`, `mp3`, `mp4`, `ogg`, `wav`, `webm` are supported) to download the best quality format of a particular file extension served as a single file, e.g. `-f webm` will download the best quality format with the `webm` extension served as a single file.

@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ Videos can be filtered by their upload date using the options `--date`, `--dateb

 - Absolute dates: Dates in the format `YYYYMMDD`.
 - Relative dates: Dates in the format `(now|today)[+-][0-9](day|week|month|year)(s)?`
- 
+
 Examples:

 ```bash
@ -918,7 +918,7 @@ Either prepend `https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=` or separate the ID from the op

 Use the `--cookies` option, for example `--cookies /path/to/cookies/file.txt`.

-In order to extract cookies from browser use any conforming browser extension for exporting cookies. For example, [Get cookies.txt](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/get-cookiestxt/bgaddhkoddajcdgocldbbfleckgcbcid/) (for Chrome) or [cookies.txt](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/cookies-txt/) (for Firefox).
+In order to extract cookies from browser use any conforming browser extension for exporting cookies. For example, [Get cookies.txt LOCALLY](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/get-cookiestxt-locally/cclelndahbckbenkjhflpdbgdldlbecc) (for Chrome) or [cookies.txt](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/cookies-txt/) (for Firefox).

 Note that the cookies file must be in Mozilla/Netscape format and the first line of the cookies file must be either `# HTTP Cookie File` or `# Netscape HTTP Cookie File`. Make sure you have correct [newline format](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newline) in the cookies file and convert newlines if necessary to correspond with your OS, namely `CRLF` (`\r\n`) for Windows and `LF` (`\n`) for Unix and Unix-like systems (Linux, macOS, etc.). `HTTP Error 400: Bad Request` when using `--cookies` is a good sign of invalid newline format.

@ -1000,6 +1000,8 @@ To run the test, simply invoke your favorite test runner, or execute a test file
    python test/test_download.py
    nosetests

+For Python versions 3.6 and later, you can use [pynose](https://pypi.org/project/pynose/) to implement `nosetests`. The original [nose](https://pypi.org/project/nose/) has not been upgraded for 3.10 and later.
+
 See item 6 of [new extractor tutorial](#adding-support-for-a-new-site) for how to run extractor specific test cases.

 If you want to create a build of youtube-dl yourself, you'll need
@ -1069,9 +1071,11 @@ After you have ensured this site is distributing its content legally, you can fo
            }
    ```
 5. Add an import in [`youtube_dl/extractor/extractors.py`](https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/extractor/extractors.py).
-6. Run `python test/test_download.py TestDownload.test_YourExtractor`. This *should fail* at first, but you can continually re-run it until you're done. If you decide to add more than one test, then rename ``_TEST`` to ``_TESTS`` and make it into a list of dictionaries. The tests will then be named `TestDownload.test_YourExtractor`, `TestDownload.test_YourExtractor_1`, `TestDownload.test_YourExtractor_2`, etc. Note that tests with `only_matching` key in test's dict are not counted in.
-7. Have a look at [`youtube_dl/extractor/common.py`](https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py) for possible helper methods and a [detailed description of what your extractor should and may return](https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/blob/7f41a598b3fba1bcab2817de64a08941200aa3c8/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py#L94-L303). Add tests and code for as many as you want.
-8. Make sure your code follows [youtube-dl coding conventions](#youtube-dl-coding-conventions) and check the code with [flake8](https://flake8.pycqa.org/en/latest/index.html#quickstart):
+6. Run `python test/test_download.py TestDownload.test_YourExtractor`. This *should fail* at first, but you can continually re-run it until you're done. If you decide to add more than one test (actually, test case) then rename ``_TEST`` to ``_TESTS`` and make it into a list of dictionaries. The tests will then be named `TestDownload.test_YourExtractor`, `TestDownload.test_YourExtractor_1`, `TestDownload.test_YourExtractor_2`, etc. Note:
+    * the test names use the extractor class name **without the trailing `IE`**
+    * tests with `only_matching` key in test's dict are not counted.
+8. Have a look at [`youtube_dl/extractor/common.py`](https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py) for possible helper methods and a [detailed description of what your extractor should and may return](https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/blob/7f41a598b3fba1bcab2817de64a08941200aa3c8/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py#L94-L303). Add tests and code for as many as you want.
+9. Make sure your code follows [youtube-dl coding conventions](#youtube-dl-coding-conventions) and check the code with [flake8](https://flake8.pycqa.org/en/latest/index.html#quickstart):

        $ flake8 youtube_dl/extractor/yourextractor.py

@ -1089,7 +1093,7 @@ In any case, thank you very much for your contributions!

 ## youtube-dl coding conventions

-This section introduces a guide lines for writing idiomatic, robust and future-proof extractor code.
+This section introduces guidelines for writing idiomatic, robust and future-proof extractor code.

 Extractors are very fragile by nature since they depend on the layout of the source data provided by 3rd party media hosters out of your control and this layout tends to change. As an extractor implementer your task is not only to write code that will extract media links and metadata correctly but also to minimize dependency on the source's layout and even to make the code foresee potential future changes and be ready for that. This is important because it will allow the extractor not to break on minor layout changes thus keeping old youtube-dl versions working. Even though this breakage issue is easily fixed by emitting a new version of youtube-dl with a fix incorporated, all the previous versions become broken in all repositories and distros' packages that may not be so prompt in fetching the update from us. Needless to say, some non rolling release distros may never receive an update at all.

@ -1112,7 +1116,7 @@ Say you have some source dictionary `meta` that you've fetched as JSON with HTTP
 ```python
 meta = self._download_json(url, video_id)
 ```
-    
+
 Assume at this point `meta`'s layout is:

 ```python
@ -1156,7 +1160,7 @@ description = self._search_regex(
 ```

 On failure this code will silently continue the extraction with `description` set to `None`. That is useful for metafields that may or may not be present.
- 
+
 ### Provide fallbacks

 When extracting metadata try to do so from multiple sources. For example if `title` is present in several places, try extracting from at least some of them. This makes it more future-proof in case some of the sources become unavailable.
@ -1204,7 +1208,7 @@ r'(id|ID)=(?P<id>\d+)'
 #### Make regular expressions relaxed and flexible

 When using regular expressions try to write them fuzzy, relaxed and flexible, skipping insignificant parts that are more likely to change, allowing both single and double quotes for quoted values and so on.
- 
+
 ##### Example

 Say you need to extract `title` from the following HTML code:
@ -1228,7 +1232,7 @@ title = self._search_regex(
    webpage, 'title', group='title')
 ```

-Note how you tolerate potential changes in the `style` attribute's value or switch from using double quotes to single for `class` attribute: 
+Note how you tolerate potential changes in the `style` attribute's value or switch from using double quotes to single for `class` attribute:

 The code definitely should not look like:

@ -1329,27 +1333,114 @@ Wrap all extracted numeric data into safe functions from [`youtube_dl/utils.py`]

 Use `url_or_none` for safe URL processing.

-Use `try_get` for safe metadata extraction from parsed JSON.
+Use `traverse_obj` for safe metadata extraction from parsed JSON.

-Use `unified_strdate` for uniform `upload_date` or any `YYYYMMDD` meta field extraction, `unified_timestamp` for uniform `timestamp` extraction, `parse_filesize` for `filesize` extraction, `parse_count` for count meta fields extraction, `parse_resolution`, `parse_duration` for `duration` extraction, `parse_age_limit` for `age_limit` extraction. 
+Use `unified_strdate` for uniform `upload_date` or any `YYYYMMDD` meta field extraction, `unified_timestamp` for uniform `timestamp` extraction, `parse_filesize` for `filesize` extraction, `parse_count` for count meta fields extraction, `parse_resolution`, `parse_duration` for `duration` extraction, `parse_age_limit` for `age_limit` extraction.

 Explore [`youtube_dl/utils.py`](https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/utils.py) for more useful convenience functions.

 #### More examples

 ##### Safely extract optional description from parsed JSON
+
+When processing complex JSON, as often returned by site API requests or stashed in web pages for "hydration", you can use the `traverse_obj()` utility function to handle multiple fallback values and to ensure the expected type of metadata items. The function's docstring defines how the function works: also review usage in the codebase for more examples.
+
+In this example, a text `description`, or `None`, is pulled from the `.result.video[0].summary` member of the parsed JSON `response`, if available.
+
+```python
+description = traverse_obj(response, ('result', 'video', 0, 'summary', T(compat_str)))
+```
+`T(...)` is a shorthand for a set literal; if you hate people who still run Python 2.6, `T(type_or_transformation)` could be written as a set literal `{type_or_transformation}`.
+
+Some extractors use the older and less capable `try_get()` function in the same way.
+
 ```python
 description = try_get(response, lambda x: x['result']['video'][0]['summary'], compat_str)
 ```

 ##### Safely extract more optional metadata
+
+In this example, various optional metadata values are extracted from the `.result.video[0]` member of the parsed JSON `response`, which is expected to be a JS object, parsed into a `dict`, with no crash if that isn't so, or if any of the target values are missing or invalid.
+
 ```python
-video = try_get(response, lambda x: x['result']['video'][0], dict) or {}
+video = traverse_obj(response, ('result', 'video', 0, T(dict))) or {}
+# formerly:
+# video = try_get(response, lambda x: x['result']['video'][0], dict) or {}
 description = video.get('summary')
 duration = float_or_none(video.get('durationMs'), scale=1000)
 view_count = int_or_none(video.get('views'))
 ```

+#### Safely extract nested lists
+
+Suppose you've extracted JSON like this into a Python data structure named `media_json` using, say, the `_download_json()` or `_parse_json()` methods of `InfoExtractor`:
+```json
+{
+    "title": "Example video",
+    "comment": "try extracting this",
+    "media": [{
+        "type": "bad",
+        "size": 320,
+        "url": "https://some.cdn.site/bad.mp4"
+    }, {
+        "type": "streaming",
+        "url": "https://some.cdn.site/hls.m3u8"
+    }, {
+        "type": "super",
+        "size": 1280,
+        "url": "https://some.cdn.site/good.webm"
+    }],
+    "moreStuff": "more values",
+    ...
+}
+```
+
+Then extractor code like this can collect the various fields of the JSON:
+```python
+...
+from ..utils import (
+    determine_ext,
+    int_or_none,
+    T,
+    traverse_obj,
+    txt_or_none,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+...
+        ...
+        info_dict = {}
+        # extract title and description if valid and not empty
+        info_dict.update(traverse_obj(media_json, {
+            'title': ('title', T(txt_or_none)),
+            'description': ('comment', T(txt_or_none)),
+        }))
+
+        # extract any recognisable media formats
+        fmts = []
+        # traverse into "media" list, extract `dict`s with desired keys
+        for fmt in traverse_obj(media_json, ('media', Ellipsis, {
+                'format_id': ('type', T(txt_or_none)),
+                'url': ('url', T(url_or_none)),
+                'width': ('size', T(int_or_none)), })):
+            # bad `fmt` values were `None` and removed
+            if 'url' not in fmt:
+                continue
+            fmt_url = fmt['url']  # known to be valid URL
+            ext = determine_ext(fmt_url)
+            if ext == 'm3u8':
+                fmts.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(fmt_url, video_id, 'mp4', fatal=False))
+            else:
+                fmt['ext'] = ext
+                fmts.append(fmt)
+
+        # sort, raise if no formats
+        self._sort_formats(fmts)
+
+        info_dict['formats'] = fmts
+        ...
+```
+The extractor raises an exception rather than random crashes if the JSON structure changes so that no formats are found.
+
 # EMBEDDING YOUTUBE-DL

 youtube-dl makes the best effort to be a good command-line program, and thus should be callable from any programming language. If you encounter any problems parsing its output, feel free to [create a report](https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/new).
@ -1406,7 +1497,11 @@ with youtube_dl.YoutubeDL(ydl_opts) as ydl:

 # BUGS

-Bugs and suggestions should be reported at: <https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues>. Unless you were prompted to or there is another pertinent reason (e.g. GitHub fails to accept the bug report), please do not send bug reports via personal email. For discussions, join us in the IRC channel [#youtube-dl](irc://chat.freenode.net/#youtube-dl) on freenode ([webchat](https://webchat.freenode.net/?randomnick=1&channels=youtube-dl)).
+Bugs and suggestions should be reported in the issue tracker: <https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues> (<https://yt-dl.org/bug> is an alias for this). Unless you were prompted to or there is another pertinent reason (e.g. GitHub fails to accept the bug report), please do not send bug reports via personal email. For discussions, join us in the IRC channel [#youtube-dl](irc://chat.freenode.net/#youtube-dl) on freenode ([webchat](https://webchat.freenode.net/?randomnick=1&channels=youtube-dl)).
+
+## Opening a bug report or suggestion
+
+Be sure to follow instructions provided **below** and **in the issue tracker**. Complete the appropriate issue template fully. Consider whether your problem is covered by an existing issue: if so, follow the discussion there. Avoid commenting on existing duplicate issues as such comments do not add to the discussion of the issue and are liable to be treated as spam.

 **Please include the full output of youtube-dl when run with `-v`**, i.e. **add** `-v` flag to **your command line**, copy the **whole** output and post it in the issue body wrapped in \`\`\` for better formatting. It should look similar to this:
 ```
@ -1426,17 +1521,17 @@ $ youtube-dl -v <your command line>

 The output (including the first lines) contains important debugging information. Issues without the full output are often not reproducible and therefore do not get solved in short order, if ever.

-Please re-read your issue once again to avoid a couple of common mistakes (you can and should use this as a checklist):
+Finally please review your issue to avoid various common mistakes (you can and should use this as a checklist) listed below.

 ### Is the description of the issue itself sufficient?

-We often get issue reports that we cannot really decipher. While in most cases we eventually get the required information after asking back multiple times, this poses an unnecessary drain on our resources. Many contributors, including myself, are also not native speakers, so we may misread some parts.
+We often get issue reports that are hard to understand. To avoid subsequent clarifications, and to assist participants who are not native English speakers, please elaborate on what feature you are requesting, or what bug you want to be fixed.

-So please elaborate on what feature you are requesting, or what bug you want to be fixed. Make sure that it's obvious
+Make sure that it's obvious

 - What the problem is
 - How it could be fixed
- How your proposed solution would look like
+- How your proposed solution would look

 If your report is shorter than two lines, it is almost certainly missing some of these, which makes it hard for us to respond to it. We're often too polite to close the issue outright, but the missing info makes misinterpretation likely. As a committer myself, I often get frustrated by these issues, since the only possible way for me to move forward on them is to ask for clarification over and over.

@ -1446,14 +1541,14 @@ If your server has multiple IPs or you suspect censorship, adding `--call-home`

 **Site support requests must contain an example URL**. An example URL is a URL you might want to download, like `https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc`. There should be an obvious video present. Except under very special circumstances, the main page of a video service (e.g. `https://www.youtube.com/`) is *not* an example URL.

+###  Is the issue already documented?
+
+Make sure that someone has not already opened the issue you're trying to open. Search at the top of the window or browse the [GitHub Issues](https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/search?type=Issues) of this repository. Initially, at least, use the search term `-label:duplicate` to focus on active issues. If there is an issue, feel free to write something along the lines of "This affects me as well, with version 2015.01.01. Here is some more information on the issue: ...". While some issues may be old, a new post into them often spurs rapid activity.
+
 ###  Are you using the latest version?

 Before reporting any issue, type `youtube-dl -U`. This should report that you're up-to-date. About 20% of the reports we receive are already fixed, but people are using outdated versions. This goes for feature requests as well.

-###  Is the issue already documented?
-
-Make sure that someone has not already opened the issue you're trying to open. Search at the top of the window or browse the [GitHub Issues](https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/search?type=Issues) of this repository. If there is an issue, feel free to write something along the lines of "This affects me as well, with version 2015.01.01. Here is some more information on the issue: ...". While some issues may be old, a new post into them often spurs rapid activity.
-
 ###  Why are existing options not enough?

 Before requesting a new feature, please have a quick peek at [the list of supported options](https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/blob/master/README.md#options). Many feature requests are for features that actually exist already! Please, absolutely do show off your work in the issue report and detail how the existing similar options do *not* solve your problem.
--- a/devscripts/init.py
+++ b/devscripts/init.py
@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Empty file needed to make devscripts.utils properly importable from outside
--- a/devscripts/bash-completion.py
+++ b/devscripts/bash-completion.py
@ -5,8 +5,12 @@ import os
 from os.path import dirname as dirn
 import sys

-sys.path.insert(0, dirn(dirn((os.path.abspath(__file__)))))
+sys.path.insert(0, dirn(dirn(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+
 import youtube_dl
+from youtube_dl.compat import compat_open as open
+
+from utils import read_file

 BASH_COMPLETION_FILE = "youtube-dl.bash-completion"
 BASH_COMPLETION_TEMPLATE = "devscripts/bash-completion.in"
@ -18,9 +22,8 @@ def build_completion(opt_parser):
        for option in group.option_list:
            # for every long flag
            opts_flag.append(option.get_opt_string())
-    with open(BASH_COMPLETION_TEMPLATE) as f:
-        template = f.read()
-    with open(BASH_COMPLETION_FILE, "w") as f:
+    template = read_file(BASH_COMPLETION_TEMPLATE)
+    with open(BASH_COMPLETION_FILE, "w", encoding='utf-8') as f:
        # just using the special char
        filled_template = template.replace("{{flags}}", " ".join(opts_flag))
        f.write(filled_template)
--- a/devscripts/cli_to_api.py
+++ b/devscripts/cli_to_api.py
@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# coding: utf-8
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+"""
+This script displays the API parameters corresponding to a yt-dl command line
+
+Example:
+$ ./cli_to_api.py -f best
+{u'format': 'best'}
+$
+"""
+
+# Allow direct execution
+import os
+import sys
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+
+import youtube_dl
+from types import MethodType
+
+
+def cli_to_api(*opts):
+    YDL = youtube_dl.YoutubeDL
+
+    # to extract the parsed options, break out of YoutubeDL instantiation
+
+    # return options via this Exception
+    class ParseYTDLResult(Exception):
+        def __init__(self, result):
+            super(ParseYTDLResult, self).__init__('result')
+            self.opts = result
+
+    # replacement constructor that raises ParseYTDLResult
+    def ytdl_init(ydl, ydl_opts):
+        super(YDL, ydl).__init__(ydl_opts)
+        raise ParseYTDLResult(ydl_opts)
+
+    # patch in the constructor
+    YDL.__init__ = MethodType(ytdl_init, YDL)
+
+    # core parser
+    def parsed_options(argv):
+        try:
+            youtube_dl._real_main(list(argv))
+        except ParseYTDLResult as result:
+            return result.opts
+
+    # from https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/5859#issuecomment-1363938900
+    default = parsed_options([])
+
+    def neq_opt(a, b):
+        if a == b:
+            return False
+        if a is None and repr(type(object)).endswith(".utils.DateRange'>"):
+            return '0001-01-01 - 9999-12-31' != '{0}'.format(b)
+        return a != b
+
+    diff = dict((k, v) for k, v in parsed_options(opts).items() if neq_opt(default[k], v))
+    if 'postprocessors' in diff:
+        diff['postprocessors'] = [pp for pp in diff['postprocessors'] if pp not in default['postprocessors']]
+    return diff
+
+
+def main():
+    from pprint import PrettyPrinter
+
+    pprint = PrettyPrinter()
+    super_format = pprint.format
+
+    def format(object, context, maxlevels, level):
+        if repr(type(object)).endswith(".utils.DateRange'>"):
+            return '{0}: {1}>'.format(repr(object)[:-2], object), True, False
+        return super_format(object, context, maxlevels, level)
+
+    pprint.format = format
+
+    pprint.pprint(cli_to_api(*sys.argv))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
--- a/devscripts/create-github-release.py
+++ b/devscripts/create-github-release.py
@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 from __future__ import unicode_literals

-import io
 import json
 import mimetypes
 import netrc
@ -10,7 +9,9 @@ import os
 import re
 import sys

-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+dirn = os.path.dirname
+
+sys.path.insert(0, dirn(dirn(os.path.abspath(__file__))))

 from youtube_dl.compat import (
    compat_basestring,
@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ from youtube_dl.utils import (
    make_HTTPS_handler,
    sanitized_Request,
 )
+from utils import read_file


 class GitHubReleaser(object):
@ -89,8 +91,7 @@ def main():

    changelog_file, version, build_path = args

-    with io.open(changelog_file, encoding='utf-8') as inf:
-        changelog = inf.read()
+    changelog = read_file(changelog_file)

    mobj = re.search(r'(?s)version %s\n{2}(.+?)\n{3}' % version, changelog)
    body = mobj.group(1) if mobj else ''
--- a/devscripts/fish-completion.py
+++ b/devscripts/fish-completion.py
@ -6,10 +6,13 @@ import os
 from os.path import dirname as dirn
 import sys

-sys.path.insert(0, dirn(dirn((os.path.abspath(__file__)))))
+sys.path.insert(0, dirn(dirn(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+
 import youtube_dl
 from youtube_dl.utils import shell_quote

+from utils import read_file, write_file
+
 FISH_COMPLETION_FILE = 'youtube-dl.fish'
 FISH_COMPLETION_TEMPLATE = 'devscripts/fish-completion.in'

@ -38,11 +41,9 @@ def build_completion(opt_parser):
            complete_cmd.extend(EXTRA_ARGS.get(long_option, []))
            commands.append(shell_quote(complete_cmd))

-    with open(FISH_COMPLETION_TEMPLATE) as f:
-        template = f.read()
+    template = read_file(FISH_COMPLETION_TEMPLATE)
    filled_template = template.replace('{{commands}}', '\n'.join(commands))
-    with open(FISH_COMPLETION_FILE, 'w') as f:
-        f.write(filled_template)
+    write_file(FISH_COMPLETION_FILE, filled_template)


 parser = youtube_dl.parseOpts()[0]
--- a/devscripts/gh-pages/add-version.py
+++ b/devscripts/gh-pages/add-version.py
@ -6,16 +6,21 @@ import sys
 import hashlib
 import os.path

+dirn = os.path.dirname
+
+sys.path.insert(0, dirn(dirn(dirn(os.path.abspath(__file__)))))
+
+from devscripts.utils import read_file, write_file
+from youtube_dl.compat import compat_open as open

 if len(sys.argv) <= 1:
    print('Specify the version number as parameter')
    sys.exit()
 version = sys.argv[1]

-with open('update/LATEST_VERSION', 'w') as f:
-    f.write(version)
+write_file('update/LATEST_VERSION', version)

-versions_info = json.load(open('update/versions.json'))
+versions_info = json.loads(read_file('update/versions.json'))
 if 'signature' in versions_info:
    del versions_info['signature']

@ -39,5 +44,5 @@ for key, filename in filenames.items():
 versions_info['versions'][version] = new_version
 versions_info['latest'] = version

-with open('update/versions.json', 'w') as jsonf:
-    json.dump(versions_info, jsonf, indent=4, sort_keys=True)
+with open('update/versions.json', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as jsonf:
+    json.dumps(versions_info, jsonf, indent=4, sort_keys=True)
--- a/devscripts/gh-pages/generate-download.py
+++ b/devscripts/gh-pages/generate-download.py
@ -2,14 +2,21 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals

 import json
+import os.path
+import sys

-versions_info = json.load(open('update/versions.json'))
+dirn = os.path.dirname
+
+sys.path.insert(0, dirn(dirn((os.path.abspath(__file__)))))
+
+from utils import read_file, write_file
+
+versions_info = json.loads(read_file('update/versions.json'))
 version = versions_info['latest']
 version_dict = versions_info['versions'][version]

 # Read template page
-with open('download.html.in', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as tmplf:
-    template = tmplf.read()
+template = read_file('download.html.in')

 template = template.replace('@PROGRAM_VERSION@', version)
 template = template.replace('@PROGRAM_URL@', version_dict['bin'][0])
@ -18,5 +25,5 @@ template = template.replace('@EXE_URL@', version_dict['exe'][0])
 template = template.replace('@EXE_SHA256SUM@', version_dict['exe'][1])
 template = template.replace('@TAR_URL@', version_dict['tar'][0])
 template = template.replace('@TAR_SHA256SUM@', version_dict['tar'][1])
-with open('download.html', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as dlf:
-    dlf.write(template)
+
+write_file('download.html', template)
--- a/devscripts/gh-pages/update-copyright.py
+++ b/devscripts/gh-pages/update-copyright.py
@ -5,17 +5,22 @@ from __future__ import with_statement, unicode_literals

 import datetime
 import glob
-import io  # For Python 2 compatibility
 import os
 import re
+import sys

-year = str(datetime.datetime.now().year)
+dirn = os.path.dirname
+
+sys.path.insert(0, dirn(dirn(dirn(os.path.abspath(__file__)))))
+
+from devscripts.utils import read_file, write_file
+from youtube_dl import compat_str
+
+year = compat_str(datetime.datetime.now().year)
 for fn in glob.glob('*.html*'):
-    with io.open(fn, encoding='utf-8') as f:
-        content = f.read()
+    content = read_file(fn)
    newc = re.sub(r'(?P<copyright>Copyright © 2011-)(?P<year>[0-9]{4})', 'Copyright © 2011-' + year, content)
    if content != newc:
        tmpFn = fn + '.part'
-        with io.open(tmpFn, 'wt', encoding='utf-8') as outf:
-            outf.write(newc)
+        write_file(tmpFn, newc)
        os.rename(tmpFn, fn)
--- a/devscripts/gh-pages/update-feed.py
+++ b/devscripts/gh-pages/update-feed.py
@ -2,10 +2,16 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals

 import datetime
-import io
 import json
+import os.path
 import textwrap
+import sys

+dirn = os.path.dirname
+
+sys.path.insert(0, dirn(dirn(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+
+from utils import write_file

 atom_template = textwrap.dedent("""\
    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
@ -72,5 +78,4 @@ for v in versions:
 entries_str = textwrap.indent(''.join(entries), '\t')
 atom_template = atom_template.replace('@ENTRIES@', entries_str)

-with io.open('update/releases.atom', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as atom_file:
-    atom_file.write(atom_template)
+write_file('update/releases.atom', atom_template)
--- a/devscripts/gh-pages/update-sites.py
+++ b/devscripts/gh-pages/update-sites.py
@ -5,15 +5,17 @@ import sys
 import os
 import textwrap

+dirn = os.path.dirname
+
 # We must be able to import youtube_dl
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))))
+sys.path.insert(0, dirn(dirn(dirn(os.path.abspath(__file__)))))

 import youtube_dl
+from devscripts.utils import read_file, write_file


 def main():
-    with open('supportedsites.html.in', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as tmplf:
-        template = tmplf.read()
+    template = read_file('supportedsites.html.in')

    ie_htmls = []
    for ie in youtube_dl.list_extractors(age_limit=None):
@ -29,8 +31,7 @@ def main():

    template = template.replace('@SITES@', textwrap.indent('\n'.join(ie_htmls), '\t'))

-    with open('supportedsites.html', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as sitesf:
-        sitesf.write(template)
+    write_file('supportedsites.html', template)


 if __name__ == '__main__':
--- a/devscripts/make_contributing.py
+++ b/devscripts/make_contributing.py
@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 from __future__ import unicode_literals

-import io
 import optparse
 import re

+from utils import read_file, write_file
+

 def main():
    parser = optparse.OptionParser(usage='%prog INFILE OUTFILE')
@ -14,8 +15,7 @@ def main():

    infile, outfile = args

-    with io.open(infile, encoding='utf-8') as inf:
-        readme = inf.read()
+    readme = read_file(infile)

    bug_text = re.search(
        r'(?s)#\s*BUGS\s*[^\n]*\s*(.*?)#\s*COPYRIGHT', readme).group(1)
@ -25,8 +25,7 @@ def main():

    out = bug_text + dev_text

-    with io.open(outfile, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as outf:
-        outf.write(out)
+    write_file(outfile, out)


 if __name__ == '__main__':
--- a/devscripts/make_issue_template.py
+++ b/devscripts/make_issue_template.py
@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 from __future__ import unicode_literals

-import io
 import optparse
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+from utils import read_file, read_version, write_file


 def main():
@ -13,17 +16,11 @@ def main():

    infile, outfile = args

-    with io.open(infile, encoding='utf-8') as inf:
-        issue_template_tmpl = inf.read()
+    issue_template_tmpl = read_file(infile)

-    # Get the version from youtube_dl/version.py without importing the package
-    exec(compile(open('youtube_dl/version.py').read(),
-                 'youtube_dl/version.py', 'exec'))
+    out = issue_template_tmpl % {'version': read_version()}

-    out = issue_template_tmpl % {'version': locals()['__version__']}
-
-    with io.open(outfile, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as outf:
-        outf.write(out)
+    write_file(outfile, out)

 if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
--- a/devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py
+++ b/devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py
@ -1,28 +1,49 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals, print_function

 from inspect import getsource
-import io
 import os
 from os.path import dirname as dirn
+import re
 import sys

 print('WARNING: Lazy loading extractors is an experimental feature that may not always work', file=sys.stderr)

-sys.path.insert(0, dirn(dirn((os.path.abspath(__file__)))))
+sys.path.insert(0, dirn(dirn(os.path.abspath(__file__))))

 lazy_extractors_filename = sys.argv[1]
 if os.path.exists(lazy_extractors_filename):
    os.remove(lazy_extractors_filename)
+# Py2: may be confused by leftover lazy_extractors.pyc
+if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+    for c in ('c', 'o'):
+        try:
+            os.remove(lazy_extractors_filename + 'c')
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+
+from devscripts.utils import read_file, write_file
+from youtube_dl.compat import compat_register_utf8
+
+compat_register_utf8()

 from youtube_dl.extractor import _ALL_CLASSES
 from youtube_dl.extractor.common import InfoExtractor, SearchInfoExtractor

-with open('devscripts/lazy_load_template.py', 'rt') as f:
-    module_template = f.read()
+module_template = read_file('devscripts/lazy_load_template.py')
+
+
+def get_source(m):
+    return re.sub(r'(?m)^\s*#.*\n', '', getsource(m))
+

 module_contents = [
-    module_template + '\n' + getsource(InfoExtractor.suitable) + '\n',
-    'class LazyLoadSearchExtractor(LazyLoadExtractor):\n    pass\n']
+    module_template,
+    get_source(InfoExtractor.suitable),
+    get_source(InfoExtractor._match_valid_url) + '\n',
+    'class LazyLoadSearchExtractor(LazyLoadExtractor):\n    pass\n',
+    # needed for suitable() methods of Youtube extractor (see #28780)
+    'from youtube_dl.utils import parse_qs, variadic\n',
+]

 ie_template = '''
 class {name}({bases}):
@ -54,7 +75,7 @@ def build_lazy_ie(ie, name):
        valid_url=valid_url,
        module=ie.__module__)
    if ie.suitable.__func__ is not InfoExtractor.suitable.__func__:
-        s += '\n' + getsource(ie.suitable)
+        s += '\n' + get_source(ie.suitable)
    if hasattr(ie, '_make_valid_url'):
        # search extractors
        s += make_valid_template.format(valid_url=ie._make_valid_url())
@ -94,7 +115,17 @@ for ie in ordered_cls:
 module_contents.append(
    '_ALL_CLASSES = [{0}]'.format(', '.join(names)))

-module_src = '\n'.join(module_contents) + '\n'
+module_src = '\n'.join(module_contents)

-with io.open(lazy_extractors_filename, 'wt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
-    f.write(module_src)
+write_file(lazy_extractors_filename, module_src + '\n')
+
+# work around JVM byte code module limit in Jython
+if sys.platform.startswith('java') and sys.version_info[:2] == (2, 7):
+    import subprocess
+    from youtube_dl.compat import compat_subprocess_get_DEVNULL
+    # if Python 2.7 is available, use it to compile the module for Jython
+    try:
+        # if Python 2.7 is available, use it to compile the module for Jython
+        subprocess.check_call(['python2.7', '-m', 'py_compile', lazy_extractors_filename], stdout=compat_subprocess_get_DEVNULL())
+    except Exception:
+        pass
--- a/devscripts/make_readme.py
+++ b/devscripts/make_readme.py
@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals

-import io
-import sys
+import os.path
 import re
+import sys
+dirn = os.path.dirname
+
+sys.path.insert(0, dirn(dirn(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+
+from utils import read_file
+from youtube_dl.compat import compat_open as open

 README_FILE = 'README.md'
 helptext = sys.stdin.read()
@ -10,8 +16,7 @@ helptext = sys.stdin.read()
 if isinstance(helptext, bytes):
    helptext = helptext.decode('utf-8')

-with io.open(README_FILE, encoding='utf-8') as f:
-    oldreadme = f.read()
+oldreadme = read_file(README_FILE)

 header = oldreadme[:oldreadme.index('# OPTIONS')]
 footer = oldreadme[oldreadme.index('# CONFIGURATION'):]
@ -20,7 +25,7 @@ options = helptext[helptext.index('  General Options:') + 19:]
 options = re.sub(r'(?m)^  (\w.+)$', r'## \1', options)
 options = '# OPTIONS\n' + options + '\n'

-with io.open(README_FILE, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+with open(README_FILE, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    f.write(header)
    f.write(options)
    f.write(footer)
--- a/devscripts/make_supportedsites.py
+++ b/devscripts/make_supportedsites.py
@ -1,17 +1,19 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 from __future__ import unicode_literals

-import io
 import optparse
-import os
+import os.path
 import sys

-
 # Import youtube_dl
-ROOT_DIR = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..')
-sys.path.insert(0, ROOT_DIR)
+dirn = os.path.dirname
+
+sys.path.insert(0, dirn(dirn(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+
 import youtube_dl

+from utils import write_file
+

 def main():
    parser = optparse.OptionParser(usage='%prog OUTFILE.md')
@ -38,8 +40,7 @@ def main():
        ' - ' + md + '\n'
        for md in gen_ies_md(ies))

-    with io.open(outfile, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as outf:
-        outf.write(out)
+    write_file(outfile, out)


 if __name__ == '__main__':
--- a/devscripts/prepare_manpage.py
+++ b/devscripts/prepare_manpage.py
@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals

-import io
 import optparse
 import os.path
 import re

+from utils import read_file, write_file
+
 ROOT_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
 README_FILE = os.path.join(ROOT_DIR, 'README.md')
-
 PREFIX = r'''%YOUTUBE-DL(1)

 # NAME
@ -29,8 +29,7 @@ def main():

    outfile, = args

-    with io.open(README_FILE, encoding='utf-8') as f:
-        readme = f.read()
+    readme = read_file(README_FILE)

    readme = re.sub(r'(?s)^.*?(?=# DESCRIPTION)', '', readme)
    readme = re.sub(r'\s+youtube-dl \[OPTIONS\] URL \[URL\.\.\.\]', '', readme)
@ -38,8 +37,7 @@ def main():

    readme = filter_options(readme)

-    with io.open(outfile, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as outf:
-        outf.write(readme)
+    write_file(outfile, readme)


 def filter_options(readme):
--- a/devscripts/utils.py
+++ b/devscripts/utils.py
@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import argparse
+import functools
+import os.path
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+dirn = os.path.dirname
+
+sys.path.insert(0, dirn(dirn(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+
+from youtube_dl.compat import (
+    compat_kwargs,
+    compat_open as open,
+)
+
+
+def read_file(fname):
+    with open(fname, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        return f.read()
+
+
+def write_file(fname, content, mode='w'):
+    with open(fname, mode, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        return f.write(content)
+
+
+def read_version(fname='youtube_dl/version.py'):
+    """Get the version without importing the package"""
+    exec(compile(read_file(fname), fname, 'exec'))
+    return locals()['__version__']
+
+
+def get_filename_args(has_infile=False, default_outfile=None):
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    if has_infile:
+        parser.add_argument('infile', help='Input file')
+    kwargs = {'nargs': '?', 'default': default_outfile} if default_outfile else {}
+    kwargs['help'] = 'Output file'
+    parser.add_argument('outfile', **compat_kwargs(kwargs))
+
+    opts = parser.parse_args()
+    if has_infile:
+        return opts.infile, opts.outfile
+    return opts.outfile
+
+
+def compose_functions(*functions):
+    return lambda x: functools.reduce(lambda y, f: f(y), functions, x)
+
+
+def run_process(*args, **kwargs):
+    kwargs.setdefault('text', True)
+    kwargs.setdefault('check', True)
+    kwargs.setdefault('capture_output', True)
+    if kwargs['text']:
+        kwargs.setdefault('encoding', 'utf-8')
+        kwargs.setdefault('errors', 'replace')
+        kwargs = compat_kwargs(kwargs)
+    return subprocess.run(args, **kwargs)
--- a/devscripts/zsh-completion.py
+++ b/devscripts/zsh-completion.py
@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ import sys

 sys.path.insert(0, dirn(dirn((os.path.abspath(__file__)))))
 import youtube_dl
+from utils import read_file, write_file
+

 ZSH_COMPLETION_FILE = "youtube-dl.zsh"
 ZSH_COMPLETION_TEMPLATE = "devscripts/zsh-completion.in"
@ -34,15 +36,13 @@ def build_completion(opt_parser):

    flags = [opt.get_opt_string() for opt in opts]

-    with open(ZSH_COMPLETION_TEMPLATE) as f:
-        template = f.read()
+    template = read_file(ZSH_COMPLETION_TEMPLATE)

    template = template.replace("{{fileopts}}", "|".join(fileopts))
    template = template.replace("{{diropts}}", "|".join(diropts))
    template = template.replace("{{flags}}", " ".join(flags))

-    with open(ZSH_COMPLETION_FILE, "w") as f:
-        f.write(template)
+    write_file(ZSH_COMPLETION_FILE, template)


 parser = youtube_dl.parseOpts()[0]
--- a/test/helper.py
+++ b/test/helper.py
@ -1,22 +1,24 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals

 import errno
-import io
 import hashlib
 import json
 import os.path
 import re
-import types
 import ssl
 import sys
+import types
+import unittest

 import youtube_dl.extractor
 from youtube_dl import YoutubeDL
 from youtube_dl.compat import (
+    compat_open as open,
    compat_os_name,
    compat_str,
 )
 from youtube_dl.utils import (
+    IDENTITY,
    preferredencoding,
    write_string,
 )
@ -27,10 +29,10 @@ def get_params(override=None):
                                   "parameters.json")
    LOCAL_PARAMETERS_FILE = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)),
                                         "local_parameters.json")
-    with io.open(PARAMETERS_FILE, encoding='utf-8') as pf:
+    with open(PARAMETERS_FILE, encoding='utf-8') as pf:
        parameters = json.load(pf)
    if os.path.exists(LOCAL_PARAMETERS_FILE):
-        with io.open(LOCAL_PARAMETERS_FILE, encoding='utf-8') as pf:
+        with open(LOCAL_PARAMETERS_FILE, encoding='utf-8') as pf:
            parameters.update(json.load(pf))
    if override:
        parameters.update(override)
@ -72,7 +74,8 @@ class FakeYDL(YoutubeDL):
    def to_screen(self, s, skip_eol=None):
        print(s)

-    def trouble(self, s, tb=None):
+    def trouble(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        s = args[0] if len(args) > 0 else kwargs.get('message', 'Missing message')
        raise Exception(s)

    def download(self, x):
@ -89,6 +92,17 @@ class FakeYDL(YoutubeDL):
        self.report_warning = types.MethodType(report_warning, self)


+class FakeLogger(object):
+    def debug(self, msg):
+        pass
+
+    def warning(self, msg):
+        pass
+
+    def error(self, msg):
+        pass
+
+
 def gettestcases(include_onlymatching=False):
    for ie in youtube_dl.extractor.gen_extractors():
        for tc in ie.get_testcases(include_onlymatching):
@ -128,6 +142,12 @@ def expect_value(self, got, expected, field):
        self.assertTrue(
            contains_str in got,
            'field %s (value: %r) should contain %r' % (field, got, contains_str))
+    elif isinstance(expected, compat_str) and re.match(r'lambda \w+:', expected):
+        fn = eval(expected)
+        suite = expected.split(':', 1)[1].strip()
+        self.assertTrue(
+            fn(got),
+            'Expected field %s to meet condition %s, but value %r failed ' % (field, suite, got))
    elif isinstance(expected, type):
        self.assertTrue(
            isinstance(got, expected),
@ -137,7 +157,7 @@ def expect_value(self, got, expected, field):
    elif isinstance(expected, list) and isinstance(got, list):
        self.assertEqual(
            len(expected), len(got),
-            'Expect a list of length %d, but got a list of length %d for field %s' % (
+            'Expected a list of length %d, but got a list of length %d for field %s' % (
                len(expected), len(got), field))
        for index, (item_got, item_expected) in enumerate(zip(got, expected)):
            type_got = type(item_got)
@ -161,18 +181,18 @@ def expect_value(self, got, expected, field):
            op, _, expected_num = expected.partition(':')
            expected_num = int(expected_num)
            if op == 'mincount':
-                assert_func = assertGreaterEqual
+                assert_func = self.assertGreaterEqual
                msg_tmpl = 'Expected %d items in field %s, but only got %d'
            elif op == 'maxcount':
-                assert_func = assertLessEqual
+                assert_func = self.assertLessEqual
                msg_tmpl = 'Expected maximum %d items in field %s, but got %d'
            elif op == 'count':
-                assert_func = assertEqual
+                assert_func = self.assertEqual
                msg_tmpl = 'Expected exactly %d items in field %s, but got %d'
            else:
                assert False
            assert_func(
-                self, len(got), expected_num,
+                len(got), expected_num,
                msg_tmpl % (expected_num, field, len(got)))
            return
        self.assertEqual(
@ -242,27 +262,6 @@ def assertRegexpMatches(self, text, regexp, msg=None):
            self.assertTrue(m, msg)


-def assertGreaterEqual(self, got, expected, msg=None):
-    if not (got >= expected):
-        if msg is None:
-            msg = '%r not greater than or equal to %r' % (got, expected)
-        self.assertTrue(got >= expected, msg)
-
-
-def assertLessEqual(self, got, expected, msg=None):
-    if not (got <= expected):
-        if msg is None:
-            msg = '%r not less than or equal to %r' % (got, expected)
-        self.assertTrue(got <= expected, msg)
-
-
-def assertEqual(self, got, expected, msg=None):
-    if not (got == expected):
-        if msg is None:
-            msg = '%r not equal to %r' % (got, expected)
-        self.assertTrue(got == expected, msg)
-
-
 def expect_warnings(ydl, warnings_re):
    real_warning = ydl.report_warning

@ -280,3 +279,7 @@ def http_server_port(httpd):
    else:
        sock = httpd.socket
    return sock.getsockname()[1]
+
+
+def expectedFailureIf(cond):
+    return unittest.expectedFailure if cond else IDENTITY
--- a/test/test_InfoExtractor.py
+++ b/test/test_InfoExtractor.py
@ -3,19 +3,37 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals

 # Allow direct execution
-import io
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))

-from test.helper import FakeYDL, expect_dict, expect_value, http_server_port
-from youtube_dl.compat import compat_etree_fromstring, compat_http_server
-from youtube_dl.extractor.common import InfoExtractor
-from youtube_dl.extractor import YoutubeIE, get_info_extractor
-from youtube_dl.utils import encode_data_uri, strip_jsonp, ExtractorError, RegexNotFoundError
 import threading

+from test.helper import (
+    expect_dict,
+    expect_value,
+    FakeYDL,
+    http_server_port,
+)
+from youtube_dl.compat import (
+    compat_etree_fromstring,
+    compat_http_server,
+    compat_open as open,
+)
+from youtube_dl.extractor.common import InfoExtractor
+from youtube_dl.extractor import (
+    get_info_extractor,
+    YoutubeIE,
+)
+from youtube_dl.utils import (
+    encode_data_uri,
+    ExtractorError,
+    RegexNotFoundError,
+    strip_jsonp,
+)
+

 TEAPOT_RESPONSE_STATUS = 418
 TEAPOT_RESPONSE_BODY = "<h1>418 I'm a teapot</h1>"
@ -35,13 +53,13 @@ class InfoExtractorTestRequestHandler(compat_http_server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler)
            assert False


-class TestIE(InfoExtractor):
+class DummyIE(InfoExtractor):
    pass


 class TestInfoExtractor(unittest.TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
-        self.ie = TestIE(FakeYDL())
+        self.ie = DummyIE(FakeYDL())

    def test_ie_key(self):
        self.assertEqual(get_info_extractor(YoutubeIE.ie_key()), YoutubeIE)
@ -62,6 +80,7 @@ class TestInfoExtractor(unittest.TestCase):
            <meta name="og:test1" content='foo > < bar'/>
            <meta name="og:test2" content="foo >//< bar"/>
            <meta property=og-test3 content='Ill-formatted opengraph'/>
+            <meta property=og:test4 content=unquoted-value/>
            '''
        self.assertEqual(ie._og_search_title(html), 'Foo')
        self.assertEqual(ie._og_search_description(html), 'Some video\'s description ')
@ -74,6 +93,7 @@ class TestInfoExtractor(unittest.TestCase):
        self.assertEqual(ie._og_search_property(('test0', 'test1'), html), 'foo > < bar')
        self.assertRaises(RegexNotFoundError, ie._og_search_property, 'test0', html, None, fatal=True)
        self.assertRaises(RegexNotFoundError, ie._og_search_property, ('test0', 'test00'), html, None, fatal=True)
+        self.assertEqual(ie._og_search_property('test4', html), 'unquoted-value')

    def test_html_search_meta(self):
        ie = self.ie
@ -98,6 +118,74 @@ class TestInfoExtractor(unittest.TestCase):
        self.assertRaises(RegexNotFoundError, ie._html_search_meta, 'z', html, None, fatal=True)
        self.assertRaises(RegexNotFoundError, ie._html_search_meta, ('z', 'x'), html, None, fatal=True)

+    def test_search_nextjs_data(self):
+        html = '''
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <meta http-equiv="content-type" content=
+  "text/html; charset=utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+  <title>Test _search_nextjs_data()</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+  <div id="__next">
+    <div style="background-color:#17171E" class="FU" dir="ltr">
+      <div class="sc-93de261d-0 dyzzYE">
+        <div>
+          <header class="HD"></header>
+          <main class="MN">
+            <div style="height:0" class="HT0">
+              <div style="width:NaN%" data-testid=
+              "stream-container" class="WDN"></div>
+            </div>
+          </main>
+        </div>
+        <footer class="sc-6e5faf91-0 dEGaHS"></footer>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">
+  {"props":{"pageProps":{"video":{"id":"testid"}}}}
+  </script>
+</body>
+</html>
+'''
+        search = self.ie._search_nextjs_data(html, 'testID')
+        self.assertEqual(search['props']['pageProps']['video']['id'], 'testid')
+        search = self.ie._search_nextjs_data(
+            'no next.js data here, move along', 'testID', default={'status': 0})
+        self.assertEqual(search['status'], 0)
+
+    def test_search_nuxt_data(self):
+        html = '''
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <meta http-equiv="content-type" content=
+  "text/html; charset=utf-8">
+  <title>Nuxt.js Test Page</title>
+  <meta name="viewport" content=
+  "width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
+  <meta data-hid="robots" name="robots" content="all">
+</head>
+<body class="BD">
+  <div id="__layout">
+    <h1 class="H1">Example heading</h1>
+    <div class="IN">
+      <p>Decoy text</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <script>
+  window.__NUXT__=(function(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h){return {decoy:" default",data:[{track:{id:f,title:g}}]}}(null,null,"c",null,null,"testid","Nuxt.js title",null));
+  </script>
+  <script src="/_nuxt/a12345b.js" defer="defer"></script>
+</body>
+</html>
+'''
+        search = self.ie._search_nuxt_data(html, 'testID')
+        self.assertEqual(search['track']['id'], 'testid')
+
    def test_search_json_ld_realworld(self):
        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/23306
        expect_dict(
@ -346,6 +434,24 @@ class TestInfoExtractor(unittest.TestCase):
                }],
            })

+        # from https://0000.studio/
+        # with type attribute but without extension in URL
+        expect_dict(
+            self,
+            self.ie._parse_html5_media_entries(
+                'https://0000.studio',
+                r'''
+                <video src="https://d1ggyt9m8pwf3g.cloudfront.net/protected/ap-northeast-1:1864af40-28d5-492b-b739-b32314b1a527/archive/clip/838db6a7-8973-4cd6-840d-8517e4093c92"
+                    controls="controls" type="video/mp4" preload="metadata" autoplay="autoplay" playsinline class="object-contain">
+                </video>
+                ''', None)[0],
+            {
+                'formats': [{
+                    'url': 'https://d1ggyt9m8pwf3g.cloudfront.net/protected/ap-northeast-1:1864af40-28d5-492b-b739-b32314b1a527/archive/clip/838db6a7-8973-4cd6-840d-8517e4093c92',
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
+                }],
+            })
+
    def test_extract_jwplayer_data_realworld(self):
        # from http://www.suffolk.edu/sjc/
        expect_dict(
@ -799,8 +905,8 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
        ]

        for m3u8_file, m3u8_url, expected_formats in _TEST_CASES:
-            with io.open('./test/testdata/m3u8/%s.m3u8' % m3u8_file,
-                         mode='r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open('./test/testdata/m3u8/%s.m3u8' % m3u8_file,
+                      mode='r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                formats = self.ie._parse_m3u8_formats(
                    f.read(), m3u8_url, ext='mp4')
                self.ie._sort_formats(formats)
@ -890,7 +996,8 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                    'tbr': 5997.485,
                    'width': 1920,
                    'height': 1080,
-                }]
+                }],
+                {},
            ), (
                # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/pull/14844
                'urls_only',
@ -973,7 +1080,8 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                    'tbr': 4400,
                    'width': 1920,
                    'height': 1080,
-                }]
+                }],
+                {},
            ), (
                # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/20346
                # Media considered unfragmented even though it contains
@ -1019,18 +1127,185 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                    'width': 360,
                    'height': 360,
                    'fps': 30,
-                }]
+                }],
+                {},
+            ), (
+                # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/30235
+                # Bento4 generated test mpd
+                # mp4dash --mpd-name=manifest.mpd --no-split --use-segment-list mediafiles
+                'url_and_range',
+                'http://unknown/manifest.mpd',  # mpd_url
+                'http://unknown/',  # mpd_base_url
+                [{
+                    'manifest_url': 'http://unknown/manifest.mpd',
+                    'fragment_base_url': 'http://unknown/',
+                    'ext': 'm4a',
+                    'format_id': 'audio-und-mp4a.40.2',
+                    'format_note': 'DASH audio',
+                    'container': 'm4a_dash',
+                    'protocol': 'http_dash_segments',
+                    'acodec': 'mp4a.40.2',
+                    'vcodec': 'none',
+                    'tbr': 98.808,
+                }, {
+                    'manifest_url': 'http://unknown/manifest.mpd',
+                    'fragment_base_url': 'http://unknown/',
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
+                    'format_id': 'video-avc1',
+                    'format_note': 'DASH video',
+                    'container': 'mp4_dash',
+                    'protocol': 'http_dash_segments',
+                    'acodec': 'none',
+                    'vcodec': 'avc1.4D401E',
+                    'tbr': 699.597,
+                    'width': 768,
+                    'height': 432
+                }],
+                {},
+            ), (
+                # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/27575
+                # GPAC generated test mpd
+                # MP4Box -dash 10000 -single-file -out manifest.mpd mediafiles
+                'range_only',
+                'http://unknown/manifest.mpd',  # mpd_url
+                'http://unknown/',  # mpd_base_url
+                [{
+                    'manifest_url': 'http://unknown/manifest.mpd',
+                    'fragment_base_url': 'http://unknown/audio_dashinit.mp4',
+                    'ext': 'm4a',
+                    'format_id': '2',
+                    'format_note': 'DASH audio',
+                    'container': 'm4a_dash',
+                    'protocol': 'http_dash_segments',
+                    'acodec': 'mp4a.40.2',
+                    'vcodec': 'none',
+                    'tbr': 98.096,
+                }, {
+                    'manifest_url': 'http://unknown/manifest.mpd',
+                    'fragment_base_url': 'http://unknown/video_dashinit.mp4',
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
+                    'format_id': '1',
+                    'format_note': 'DASH video',
+                    'container': 'mp4_dash',
+                    'protocol': 'http_dash_segments',
+                    'acodec': 'none',
+                    'vcodec': 'avc1.4D401E',
+                    'tbr': 526.987,
+                    'width': 768,
+                    'height': 432
+                }],
+                {},
+            ), (
+                'subtitles',
+                'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/manifest.mpd',
+                'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/',
+                [{
+                    'format_id': 'audio=128001',
+                    'manifest_url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/manifest.mpd',
+                    'ext': 'm4a',
+                    'tbr': 128.001,
+                    'asr': 48000,
+                    'format_note': 'DASH audio',
+                    'container': 'm4a_dash',
+                    'vcodec': 'none',
+                    'acodec': 'mp4a.40.2',
+                    'url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/manifest.mpd',
+                    'fragment_base_url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/dash/',
+                    'protocol': 'http_dash_segments',
+                }, {
+                    'format_id': 'video=100000',
+                    'manifest_url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/manifest.mpd',
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
+                    'width': 336,
+                    'height': 144,
+                    'tbr': 100,
+                    'format_note': 'DASH video',
+                    'container': 'mp4_dash',
+                    'vcodec': 'avc1.4D401F',
+                    'acodec': 'none',
+                    'url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/manifest.mpd',
+                    'fragment_base_url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/dash/',
+                    'protocol': 'http_dash_segments',
+                }, {
+                    'format_id': 'video=326000',
+                    'manifest_url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/manifest.mpd',
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
+                    'width': 562,
+                    'height': 240,
+                    'tbr': 326,
+                    'format_note': 'DASH video',
+                    'container': 'mp4_dash',
+                    'vcodec': 'avc1.4D401F',
+                    'acodec': 'none',
+                    'url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/manifest.mpd',
+                    'fragment_base_url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/dash/',
+                    'protocol': 'http_dash_segments',
+                }, {
+                    'format_id': 'video=698000',
+                    'manifest_url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/manifest.mpd',
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
+                    'width': 844,
+                    'height': 360,
+                    'tbr': 698,
+                    'format_note': 'DASH video',
+                    'container': 'mp4_dash',
+                    'vcodec': 'avc1.4D401F',
+                    'acodec': 'none',
+                    'url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/manifest.mpd',
+                    'fragment_base_url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/dash/',
+                    'protocol': 'http_dash_segments',
+                }, {
+                    'format_id': 'video=1493000',
+                    'manifest_url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/manifest.mpd',
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
+                    'width': 1126,
+                    'height': 480,
+                    'tbr': 1493,
+                    'format_note': 'DASH video',
+                    'container': 'mp4_dash',
+                    'vcodec': 'avc1.4D401F',
+                    'acodec': 'none',
+                    'url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/manifest.mpd',
+                    'fragment_base_url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/dash/',
+                    'protocol': 'http_dash_segments',
+                }, {
+                    'format_id': 'video=4482000',
+                    'manifest_url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/manifest.mpd',
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
+                    'width': 1688,
+                    'height': 720,
+                    'tbr': 4482,
+                    'format_note': 'DASH video',
+                    'container': 'mp4_dash',
+                    'vcodec': 'avc1.4D401F',
+                    'acodec': 'none',
+                    'url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/manifest.mpd',
+                    'fragment_base_url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/dash/',
+                    'protocol': 'http_dash_segments',
+                }],
+                {
+                    'en': [
+                        {
+                            'ext': 'mp4',
+                            'manifest_url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/manifest.mpd',
+                            'url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/manifest.mpd',
+                            'fragment_base_url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/dash/',
+                            'protocol': 'http_dash_segments',
+                        }
+                    ]
+                },
            )
        ]

-        for mpd_file, mpd_url, mpd_base_url, expected_formats in _TEST_CASES:
-            with io.open('./test/testdata/mpd/%s.mpd' % mpd_file,
-                         mode='r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
-                formats = self.ie._parse_mpd_formats(
+        for mpd_file, mpd_url, mpd_base_url, expected_formats, expected_subtitles in _TEST_CASES:
+            with open('./test/testdata/mpd/%s.mpd' % mpd_file,
+                      mode='r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                formats, subtitles = self.ie._parse_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
                    compat_etree_fromstring(f.read().encode('utf-8')),
                    mpd_base_url=mpd_base_url, mpd_url=mpd_url)
                self.ie._sort_formats(formats)
                expect_value(self, formats, expected_formats, None)
+                expect_value(self, subtitles, expected_subtitles, None)

    def test_parse_f4m_formats(self):
        _TEST_CASES = [
@ -1051,8 +1326,8 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
        ]

        for f4m_file, f4m_url, expected_formats in _TEST_CASES:
-            with io.open('./test/testdata/f4m/%s.f4m' % f4m_file,
-                         mode='r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open('./test/testdata/f4m/%s.f4m' % f4m_file,
+                      mode='r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                formats = self.ie._parse_f4m_formats(
                    compat_etree_fromstring(f.read().encode('utf-8')),
                    f4m_url, None)
@ -1099,8 +1374,8 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
        ]

        for xspf_file, xspf_url, expected_entries in _TEST_CASES:
-            with io.open('./test/testdata/xspf/%s.xspf' % xspf_file,
-                         mode='r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open('./test/testdata/xspf/%s.xspf' % xspf_file,
+                      mode='r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                entries = self.ie._parse_xspf(
                    compat_etree_fromstring(f.read().encode('utf-8')),
                    xspf_file, xspf_url=xspf_url, xspf_base_url=xspf_url)
--- a/test/test_YoutubeDL.py
+++ b/test/test_YoutubeDL.py
@ -10,14 +10,31 @@ import unittest
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))

 import copy
+import json

-from test.helper import FakeYDL, assertRegexpMatches
+from test.helper import (
+    FakeYDL,
+    assertRegexpMatches,
+    try_rm,
+)
 from youtube_dl import YoutubeDL
-from youtube_dl.compat import compat_str, compat_urllib_error
+from youtube_dl.compat import (
+    compat_http_cookiejar_Cookie,
+    compat_http_cookies_SimpleCookie,
+    compat_kwargs,
+    compat_open as open,
+    compat_str,
+    compat_urllib_error,
+)
+
 from youtube_dl.extractor import YoutubeIE
 from youtube_dl.extractor.common import InfoExtractor
 from youtube_dl.postprocessor.common import PostProcessor
-from youtube_dl.utils import ExtractorError, match_filter_func
+from youtube_dl.utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    match_filter_func,
+    traverse_obj,
+)

 TEST_URL = 'http://localhost/sample.mp4'

@ -29,11 +46,14 @@ class YDL(FakeYDL):
        self.msgs = []

    def process_info(self, info_dict):
-        self.downloaded_info_dicts.append(info_dict)
+        self.downloaded_info_dicts.append(info_dict.copy())

    def to_screen(self, msg):
        self.msgs.append(msg)

+    def dl(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        assert False, 'Downloader must not be invoked for test_YoutubeDL'
+

 def _make_result(formats, **kwargs):
    res = {
@ -42,8 +62,9 @@ def _make_result(formats, **kwargs):
        'title': 'testttitle',
        'extractor': 'testex',
        'extractor_key': 'TestEx',
+        'webpage_url': 'http://example.com/watch?v=shenanigans',
    }
-    res.update(**kwargs)
+    res.update(**compat_kwargs(kwargs))
    return res


@ -681,12 +702,12 @@ class TestYoutubeDL(unittest.TestCase):

        class SimplePP(PostProcessor):
            def run(self, info):
-                with open(audiofile, 'wt') as f:
+                with open(audiofile, 'w') as f:
                    f.write('EXAMPLE')
                return [info['filepath']], info

        def run_pp(params, PP):
-            with open(filename, 'wt') as f:
+            with open(filename, 'w') as f:
                f.write('EXAMPLE')
            ydl = YoutubeDL(params)
            ydl.add_post_processor(PP())
@ -705,7 +726,7 @@ class TestYoutubeDL(unittest.TestCase):

        class ModifierPP(PostProcessor):
            def run(self, info):
-                with open(info['filepath'], 'wt') as f:
+                with open(info['filepath'], 'w') as f:
                    f.write('MODIFIED')
                return [], info

@ -930,17 +951,11 @@ class TestYoutubeDL(unittest.TestCase):
    # Test case for https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/27064
    def test_ignoreerrors_for_playlist_with_url_transparent_iterable_entries(self):

-        class _YDL(YDL):
-            def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-                super(_YDL, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-
-            def trouble(self, s, tb=None):
-                pass
-
-        ydl = _YDL({
+        ydl = YDL({
            'format': 'extra',
            'ignoreerrors': True,
        })
+        ydl.trouble = lambda *_, **__: None

        class VideoIE(InfoExtractor):
            _VALID_URL = r'video:(?P<id>\d+)'
@ -997,6 +1012,180 @@ class TestYoutubeDL(unittest.TestCase):
        self.assertEqual(downloaded['extractor'], 'Video')
        self.assertEqual(downloaded['extractor_key'], 'Video')

+    def test_default_times(self):
+        """Test addition of missing upload/release/_date from /release_/timestamp"""
+        info = {
+            'id': '1234',
+            'url': TEST_URL,
+            'title': 'Title',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'timestamp': 1631352900,
+            'release_timestamp': 1632995931,
+        }
+
+        params = {'simulate': True, }
+        ydl = FakeYDL(params)
+        out_info = ydl.process_ie_result(info)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(out_info['upload_date'], compat_str))
+        self.assertEqual(out_info['upload_date'], '20210911')
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(out_info['release_date'], compat_str))
+        self.assertEqual(out_info['release_date'], '20210930')
+
+
+class TestYoutubeDLCookies(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def encode_cookie(cookie):
+        if not isinstance(cookie, dict):
+            cookie = vars(cookie)
+        for name, value in cookie.items():
+            yield name, compat_str(value)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def comparable_cookies(cls, cookies):
+        # Work around cookiejar cookies not being unicode strings
+        return sorted(map(tuple, map(sorted, map(cls.encode_cookie, cookies))))
+
+    def assertSameCookies(self, c1, c2, msg=None):
+        return self.assertEqual(
+            *map(self.comparable_cookies, (c1, c2)),
+            msg=msg)
+
+    def assertSameCookieStrings(self, c1, c2, msg=None):
+        return self.assertSameCookies(
+            *map(lambda c: compat_http_cookies_SimpleCookie(c).values(), (c1, c2)),
+            msg=msg)
+
+    def test_header_cookies(self):
+
+        ydl = FakeYDL()
+        ydl.report_warning = lambda *_, **__: None
+
+        def cookie(name, value, version=None, domain='', path='', secure=False, expires=None):
+            return compat_http_cookiejar_Cookie(
+                version or 0, name, value, None, False,
+                domain, bool(domain), bool(domain), path, bool(path),
+                secure, expires, False, None, None, rest={})
+
+        test_url, test_domain = (t % ('yt.dl',) for t in ('https://%s/test', '.%s'))
+
+        def test(encoded_cookies, cookies, headers=False, round_trip=None, error_re=None):
+            def _test():
+                ydl.cookiejar.clear()
+                ydl._load_cookies(encoded_cookies, autoscope=headers)
+                if headers:
+                    ydl._apply_header_cookies(test_url)
+                data = {'url': test_url}
+                ydl._calc_headers(data)
+                self.assertSameCookies(
+                    cookies, ydl.cookiejar,
+                    'Extracted cookiejar.Cookie is not the same')
+                if not headers:
+                    self.assertSameCookieStrings(
+                        data.get('cookies'), round_trip or encoded_cookies,
+                        msg='Cookie is not the same as round trip')
+                ydl.__dict__['_YoutubeDL__header_cookies'] = []
+
+            try:
+                _test()
+            except AssertionError:
+                raise
+            except Exception as e:
+                if not error_re:
+                    raise
+                assertRegexpMatches(self, e.args[0], error_re.join(('.*',) * 2))
+
+        test('test=value; Domain=' + test_domain, [cookie('test', 'value', domain=test_domain)])
+        test('test=value', [cookie('test', 'value')], error_re='Unscoped cookies are not allowed')
+        test('cookie1=value1; Domain={0}; Path=/test; cookie2=value2; Domain={0}; Path=/'.format(test_domain), [
+            cookie('cookie1', 'value1', domain=test_domain, path='/test'),
+            cookie('cookie2', 'value2', domain=test_domain, path='/')])
+        cookie_kw = compat_kwargs(
+            {'domain': test_domain, 'path': '/test', 'secure': True, 'expires': '9999999999', })
+        test('test=value; Domain={domain}; Path={path}; Secure; Expires={expires}'.format(**cookie_kw), [
+            cookie('test', 'value', **cookie_kw)])
+        test('test="value; "; path=/test; domain=' + test_domain, [
+            cookie('test', 'value; ', domain=test_domain, path='/test')],
+            round_trip='test="value\\073 "; Domain={0}; Path=/test'.format(test_domain))
+        test('name=; Domain=' + test_domain, [cookie('name', '', domain=test_domain)],
+             round_trip='name=""; Domain=' + test_domain)
+        test('test=value', [cookie('test', 'value', domain=test_domain)], headers=True)
+        test('cookie1=value; Domain={0}; cookie2=value'.format(test_domain), [],
+             headers=True, error_re='Invalid syntax')
+        ydl.report_warning = ydl.report_error
+        test('test=value', [], headers=True, error_re='Passing cookies as a header is a potential security risk')
+
+    def test_infojson_cookies(self):
+        TEST_FILE = 'test_infojson_cookies.info.json'
+        TEST_URL = 'https://example.com/example.mp4'
+        COOKIES = 'a=b; Domain=.example.com; c=d; Domain=.example.com'
+        COOKIE_HEADER = {'Cookie': 'a=b; c=d'}
+
+        ydl = FakeYDL()
+        ydl.process_info = lambda x: ydl._write_info_json('test', x, TEST_FILE)
+
+        def make_info(info_header_cookies=False, fmts_header_cookies=False, cookies_field=False):
+            fmt = {'url': TEST_URL}
+            if fmts_header_cookies:
+                fmt['http_headers'] = COOKIE_HEADER
+            if cookies_field:
+                fmt['cookies'] = COOKIES
+            return _make_result([fmt], http_headers=COOKIE_HEADER if info_header_cookies else None)
+
+        def test(initial_info, note):
+
+            def failure_msg(why):
+                return ' when '.join((why, note))
+
+            result = {}
+            result['processed'] = ydl.process_ie_result(initial_info)
+            self.assertTrue(ydl.cookiejar.get_cookies_for_url(TEST_URL),
+                            msg=failure_msg('No cookies set in cookiejar after initial process'))
+            ydl.cookiejar.clear()
+            with open(TEST_FILE) as infojson:
+                result['loaded'] = ydl.sanitize_info(json.load(infojson), True)
+            result['final'] = ydl.process_ie_result(result['loaded'].copy(), download=False)
+            self.assertTrue(ydl.cookiejar.get_cookies_for_url(TEST_URL),
+                            msg=failure_msg('No cookies set in cookiejar after final process'))
+            ydl.cookiejar.clear()
+            for key in ('processed', 'loaded', 'final'):
+                info = result[key]
+                self.assertIsNone(
+                    traverse_obj(info, ((None, ('formats', 0)), 'http_headers', 'Cookie'), casesense=False, get_all=False),
+                    msg=failure_msg('Cookie header not removed in {0} result'.format(key)))
+                self.assertSameCookieStrings(
+                    traverse_obj(info, ((None, ('formats', 0)), 'cookies'), get_all=False), COOKIES,
+                    msg=failure_msg('No cookies field found in {0} result'.format(key)))
+
+        test({'url': TEST_URL, 'http_headers': COOKIE_HEADER, 'id': '1', 'title': 'x'}, 'no formats field')
+        test(make_info(info_header_cookies=True), 'info_dict header cokies')
+        test(make_info(fmts_header_cookies=True), 'format header cookies')
+        test(make_info(info_header_cookies=True, fmts_header_cookies=True), 'info_dict and format header cookies')
+        test(make_info(info_header_cookies=True, fmts_header_cookies=True, cookies_field=True), 'all cookies fields')
+        test(make_info(cookies_field=True), 'cookies format field')
+        test({'url': TEST_URL, 'cookies': COOKIES, 'id': '1', 'title': 'x'}, 'info_dict cookies field only')
+
+        try_rm(TEST_FILE)
+
+    def test_add_headers_cookie(self):
+        def check_for_cookie_header(result):
+            return traverse_obj(result, ((None, ('formats', 0)), 'http_headers', 'Cookie'), casesense=False, get_all=False)
+
+        ydl = FakeYDL({'http_headers': {'Cookie': 'a=b'}})
+        ydl._apply_header_cookies(_make_result([])['webpage_url'])  # Scope to input webpage URL: .example.com
+
+        fmt = {'url': 'https://example.com/video.mp4'}
+        result = ydl.process_ie_result(_make_result([fmt]), download=False)
+        self.assertIsNone(check_for_cookie_header(result), msg='http_headers cookies in result info_dict')
+        self.assertEqual(result.get('cookies'), 'a=b; Domain=.example.com', msg='No cookies were set in cookies field')
+        self.assertIn('a=b', ydl.cookiejar.get_cookie_header(fmt['url']), msg='No cookies were set in cookiejar')
+
+        fmt = {'url': 'https://wrong.com/video.mp4'}
+        result = ydl.process_ie_result(_make_result([fmt]), download=False)
+        self.assertIsNone(check_for_cookie_header(result), msg='http_headers cookies for wrong domain')
+        self.assertFalse(result.get('cookies'), msg='Cookies set in cookies field for wrong domain')
+        self.assertFalse(ydl.cookiejar.get_cookie_header(fmt['url']), msg='Cookies set in cookiejar for wrong domain')
+

 if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()
--- a/test/test_YoutubeDLCookieJar.py
+++ b/test/test_YoutubeDLCookieJar.py
@ -46,6 +46,20 @@ class TestYoutubeDLCookieJar(unittest.TestCase):
        # will be ignored
        self.assertFalse(cookiejar._cookies)

+    def test_get_cookie_header(self):
+        cookiejar = YoutubeDLCookieJar('./test/testdata/cookies/httponly_cookies.txt')
+        cookiejar.load(ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True)
+        header = cookiejar.get_cookie_header('https://www.foobar.foobar')
+        self.assertIn('HTTPONLY_COOKIE', header)
+
+    def test_get_cookies_for_url(self):
+        cookiejar = YoutubeDLCookieJar('./test/testdata/cookies/session_cookies.txt')
+        cookiejar.load(ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True)
+        cookies = cookiejar.get_cookies_for_url('https://www.foobar.foobar/')
+        self.assertEqual(len(cookies), 2)
+        cookies = cookiejar.get_cookies_for_url('https://foobar.foobar/')
+        self.assertFalse(cookies)
+

 if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()
--- a/test/test_aes.py
+++ b/test/test_aes.py
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import sys
 import unittest
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))

-from youtube_dl.aes import aes_decrypt, aes_encrypt, aes_cbc_decrypt, aes_cbc_encrypt, aes_decrypt_text
+from youtube_dl.aes import aes_decrypt, aes_encrypt, aes_cbc_decrypt, aes_cbc_encrypt, aes_decrypt_text, aes_ecb_encrypt
 from youtube_dl.utils import bytes_to_intlist, intlist_to_bytes
 import base64

@ -58,6 +58,13 @@ class TestAES(unittest.TestCase):
        decrypted = (aes_decrypt_text(encrypted, password, 32))
        self.assertEqual(decrypted, self.secret_msg)

+    def test_ecb_encrypt(self):
+        data = bytes_to_intlist(self.secret_msg)
+        encrypted = intlist_to_bytes(aes_ecb_encrypt(data, self.key))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            encrypted,
+            b'\xaa\x86]\x81\x97>\x02\x92\x9d\x1bR[[L/u\xd3&\xd1(h\xde{\x81\x94\xba\x02\xae\xbd\xa6\xd0:')
+

 if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()
--- a/test/test_age_restriction.py
+++ b/test/test_age_restriction.py
@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ from test.helper import try_rm


 from youtube_dl import YoutubeDL
+from youtube_dl.utils import DownloadError


 def _download_restricted(url, filename, age):
@ -26,7 +27,10 @@ def _download_restricted(url, filename, age):
    ydl.add_default_info_extractors()
    json_filename = os.path.splitext(filename)[0] + '.info.json'
    try_rm(json_filename)
-    ydl.download([url])
+    try:
+        ydl.download([url])
+    except DownloadError:
+        try_rm(json_filename)
    res = os.path.exists(json_filename)
    try_rm(json_filename)
    return res
@ -38,12 +42,12 @@ class TestAgeRestriction(unittest.TestCase):
        self.assertFalse(_download_restricted(url, filename, age))

    def test_youtube(self):
-        self._assert_restricted('07FYdnEawAQ', '07FYdnEawAQ.mp4', 10)
+        self._assert_restricted('HtVdAasjOgU', 'HtVdAasjOgU.mp4', 10)

    def test_youporn(self):
        self._assert_restricted(
-            'http://www.youporn.com/watch/505835/sex-ed-is-it-safe-to-masturbate-daily/',
-            '505835.mp4', 2, old_age=25)
+            'https://www.youporn.com/watch/16715086/sex-ed-in-detention-18-asmr/',
+            '16715086.mp4', 2, old_age=25)


 if __name__ == '__main__':
--- a/test/test_cache.py
+++ b/test/test_cache.py
@ -3,17 +3,18 @@

 from __future__ import unicode_literals

-import shutil
-
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))

+import shutil

 from test.helper import FakeYDL
 from youtube_dl.cache import Cache
+from youtube_dl.utils import version_tuple
+from youtube_dl.version import __version__


 def _is_empty(d):
@ -54,6 +55,17 @@ class TestCache(unittest.TestCase):
        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.test_dir))
        self.assertEqual(c.load('test_cache', 'k.'), None)

+    def test_cache_validation(self):
+        ydl = FakeYDL({
+            'cachedir': self.test_dir,
+        })
+        c = Cache(ydl)
+        obj = {'x': 1, 'y': ['ä', '\\a', True]}
+        c.store('test_cache', 'k.', obj)
+        self.assertEqual(c.load('test_cache', 'k.', min_ver='1970.01.01'), obj)
+        new_version = '.'.join(('%d' % ((v + 1) if i == 0 else v, )) for i, v in enumerate(version_tuple(__version__)))
+        self.assertIs(c.load('test_cache', 'k.', min_ver=new_version), None)
+

 if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()
--- a/test/test_compat.py
+++ b/test/test_compat.py
@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))


 from youtube_dl.compat import (
+    compat_casefold,
    compat_getenv,
    compat_setenv,
    compat_etree_Element,
@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ from youtube_dl.compat import (
    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
    compat_urllib_parse_unquote_plus,
    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
+    compat_urllib_request,
 )


@ -47,10 +49,11 @@ class TestCompat(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_all_present(self):
        import youtube_dl.compat
-        all_names = youtube_dl.compat.__all__
-        present_names = set(filter(
+        all_names = sorted(
+            youtube_dl.compat.__all__ + youtube_dl.compat.legacy)
+        present_names = set(map(compat_str, filter(
            lambda c: '_' in c and not c.startswith('_'),
-            dir(youtube_dl.compat))) - set(['unicode_literals'])
+            dir(youtube_dl.compat)))) - set(['unicode_literals'])
        self.assertEqual(all_names, sorted(present_names))

    def test_compat_urllib_parse_unquote(self):
@ -118,9 +121,34 @@ class TestCompat(unittest.TestCase):
 <smil xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/SMIL20/Language"></smil>'''
        compat_etree_fromstring(xml)

-    def test_struct_unpack(self):
+    def test_compat_struct_unpack(self):
        self.assertEqual(compat_struct_unpack('!B', b'\x00'), (0,))

+    def test_compat_casefold(self):
+        if hasattr(compat_str, 'casefold'):
+            # don't bother to test str.casefold() (again)
+            return
+        # thanks https://bugs.python.org/file24232/casefolding.patch
+        self.assertEqual(compat_casefold('hello'), 'hello')
+        self.assertEqual(compat_casefold('hELlo'), 'hello')
+        self.assertEqual(compat_casefold('ß'), 'ss')
+        self.assertEqual(compat_casefold('ﬁ'), 'fi')
+        self.assertEqual(compat_casefold('\u03a3'), '\u03c3')
+        self.assertEqual(compat_casefold('A\u0345\u03a3'), 'a\u03b9\u03c3')
+
+    def test_compat_urllib_request_Request(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            compat_urllib_request.Request('http://127.0.0.1', method='PUT').get_method(),
+            'PUT')
+
+        class PUTrequest(compat_urllib_request.Request):
+            def get_method(self):
+                return 'PUT'
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            PUTrequest('http://127.0.0.1').get_method(),
+            'PUT')
+

 if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()
--- a/test/test_download.py
+++ b/test/test_download.py
@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import unittest
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))

 from test.helper import (
-    assertGreaterEqual,
    expect_warnings,
    get_params,
    gettestcases,
@ -20,26 +19,35 @@ from test.helper import (


 import hashlib
-import io
 import json
 import socket

 import youtube_dl.YoutubeDL
 from youtube_dl.compat import (
    compat_http_client,
-    compat_urllib_error,
    compat_HTTPError,
+    compat_open as open,
+    compat_urllib_error,
 )
 from youtube_dl.utils import (
    DownloadError,
    ExtractorError,
+    error_to_compat_str,
    format_bytes,
+    IDENTITY,
+    preferredencoding,
    UnavailableVideoError,
 )
 from youtube_dl.extractor import get_info_extractor

 RETRIES = 3

+# Some unittest APIs require actual str
+if not isinstance('TEST', str):
+    _encode_str = lambda s: s.encode(preferredencoding())
+else:
+    _encode_str = IDENTITY
+

 class YoutubeDL(youtube_dl.YoutubeDL):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
@ -100,28 +108,31 @@ def generator(test_case, tname):

        def print_skipping(reason):
            print('Skipping %s: %s' % (test_case['name'], reason))
+            self.skipTest(_encode_str(reason))
+
        if not ie.working():
            print_skipping('IE marked as not _WORKING')
-            return

        for tc in test_cases:
            info_dict = tc.get('info_dict', {})
            if not (info_dict.get('id') and info_dict.get('ext')):
-                raise Exception('Test definition incorrect. The output file cannot be known. Are both \'id\' and \'ext\' keys present?')
+                raise Exception('Test definition (%s) requires both \'id\' and \'ext\' keys present to define the output file' % (tname, ))

        if 'skip' in test_case:
            print_skipping(test_case['skip'])
-            return
+
        for other_ie in other_ies:
            if not other_ie.working():
                print_skipping('test depends on %sIE, marked as not WORKING' % other_ie.ie_key())
-                return

        params = get_params(test_case.get('params', {}))
        params['outtmpl'] = tname + '_' + params['outtmpl']
        if is_playlist and 'playlist' not in test_case:
            params.setdefault('extract_flat', 'in_playlist')
-            params.setdefault('playlistend', test_case.get('playlist_mincount'))
+            params.setdefault('playlistend',
+                              test_case['playlist_maxcount'] + 1
+                              if test_case.get('playlist_maxcount')
+                              else test_case.get('playlist_mincount'))
            params.setdefault('skip_download', True)

        ydl = YoutubeDL(params, auto_init=False)
@ -147,6 +158,7 @@ def generator(test_case, tname):
                try_rm(tc_filename)
                try_rm(tc_filename + '.part')
                try_rm(os.path.splitext(tc_filename)[0] + '.info.json')
+
        try_rm_tcs_files()
        try:
            try_num = 1
@ -161,7 +173,9 @@ def generator(test_case, tname):
                except (DownloadError, ExtractorError) as err:
                    # Check if the exception is not a network related one
                    if not err.exc_info[0] in (compat_urllib_error.URLError, socket.timeout, UnavailableVideoError, compat_http_client.BadStatusLine) or (err.exc_info[0] == compat_HTTPError and err.exc_info[1].code == 503):
-                        raise
+                        msg = getattr(err, 'msg', error_to_compat_str(err))
+                        err.msg = '%s (%s)' % (msg, tname, )
+                        raise err

                    if try_num == RETRIES:
                        report_warning('%s failed due to network errors, skipping...' % tname)
@ -179,13 +193,19 @@ def generator(test_case, tname):
                expect_info_dict(self, res_dict, test_case.get('info_dict', {}))

            if 'playlist_mincount' in test_case:
-                assertGreaterEqual(
-                    self,
+                self.assertGreaterEqual(
                    len(res_dict['entries']),
                    test_case['playlist_mincount'],
                    'Expected at least %d in playlist %s, but got only %d' % (
                        test_case['playlist_mincount'], test_case['url'],
                        len(res_dict['entries'])))
+            if 'playlist_maxcount' in test_case:
+                self.assertLessEqual(
+                    len(res_dict['entries']),
+                    test_case['playlist_maxcount'],
+                    'Expected at most %d in playlist %s, but got %d' % (
+                        test_case['playlist_maxcount'], test_case['url'],
+                        len(res_dict['entries'])))
            if 'playlist_count' in test_case:
                self.assertEqual(
                    len(res_dict['entries']),
@ -210,7 +230,15 @@ def generator(test_case, tname):
                # First, check test cases' data against extracted data alone
                expect_info_dict(self, tc_res_dict, tc.get('info_dict', {}))
                # Now, check downloaded file consistency
+                # support test-case with volatile ID, signalled by regexp value
+                if tc.get('info_dict', {}).get('id', '').startswith('re:'):
+                    test_id = tc['info_dict']['id']
+                    tc['info_dict']['id'] = tc_res_dict['id']
+                else:
+                    test_id = None
                tc_filename = get_tc_filename(tc)
+                if test_id:
+                    tc['info_dict']['id'] = test_id
                if not test_case.get('params', {}).get('skip_download', False):
                    self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(tc_filename), msg='Missing file ' + tc_filename)
                    self.assertTrue(tc_filename in finished_hook_called)
@ -219,8 +247,8 @@ def generator(test_case, tname):
                        if params.get('test'):
                            expected_minsize = max(expected_minsize, 10000)
                        got_fsize = os.path.getsize(tc_filename)
-                        assertGreaterEqual(
-                            self, got_fsize, expected_minsize,
+                        self.assertGreaterEqual(
+                            got_fsize, expected_minsize,
                            'Expected %s to be at least %s, but it\'s only %s ' %
                            (tc_filename, format_bytes(expected_minsize),
                                format_bytes(got_fsize)))
@ -233,7 +261,7 @@ def generator(test_case, tname):
                self.assertTrue(
                    os.path.exists(info_json_fn),
                    'Missing info file %s' % info_json_fn)
-                with io.open(info_json_fn, encoding='utf-8') as infof:
+                with open(info_json_fn, encoding='utf-8') as infof:
                    info_dict = json.load(infof)
                expect_info_dict(self, info_dict, tc.get('info_dict', {}))
        finally:
--- a/test/test_downloader_external.py
+++ b/test/test_downloader_external.py
@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# coding: utf-8
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+# Allow direct execution
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import subprocess
+import unittest
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+
+from test.helper import (
+    FakeLogger,
+    FakeYDL,
+    http_server_port,
+    try_rm,
+)
+from youtube_dl import YoutubeDL
+from youtube_dl.compat import (
+    compat_contextlib_suppress,
+    compat_http_cookiejar_Cookie,
+    compat_http_server,
+    compat_kwargs,
+)
+from youtube_dl.utils import (
+    encodeFilename,
+    join_nonempty,
+)
+from youtube_dl.downloader.external import (
+    Aria2cFD,
+    Aria2pFD,
+    AxelFD,
+    CurlFD,
+    FFmpegFD,
+    HttpieFD,
+    WgetFD,
+)
+from youtube_dl.postprocessor import (
+    FFmpegPostProcessor,
+)
+import threading
+
+TEST_SIZE = 10 * 1024
+
+TEST_COOKIE = {
+    'version': 0,
+    'name': 'test',
+    'value': 'ytdlp',
+    'port': None,
+    'port_specified': False,
+    'domain': '.example.com',
+    'domain_specified': True,
+    'domain_initial_dot': False,
+    'path': '/',
+    'path_specified': True,
+    'secure': False,
+    'expires': None,
+    'discard': False,
+    'comment': None,
+    'comment_url': None,
+    'rest': {},
+}
+
+TEST_COOKIE_VALUE = join_nonempty('name', 'value', delim='=', from_dict=TEST_COOKIE)
+
+TEST_INFO = {'url': 'http://www.example.com/'}
+
+
+def cookiejar_Cookie(**cookie_args):
+    return compat_http_cookiejar_Cookie(**compat_kwargs(cookie_args))
+
+
+def ifExternalFDAvailable(externalFD):
+    return unittest.skipUnless(externalFD.available(),
+                               externalFD.get_basename() + ' not found')
+
+
+class HTTPTestRequestHandler(compat_http_server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
+    def log_message(self, format, *args):
+        pass
+
+    def send_content_range(self, total=None):
+        range_header = self.headers.get('Range')
+        start = end = None
+        if range_header:
+            mobj = re.match(r'bytes=(\d+)-(\d+)', range_header)
+            if mobj:
+                start, end = (int(mobj.group(i)) for i in (1, 2))
+        valid_range = start is not None and end is not None
+        if valid_range:
+            content_range = 'bytes %d-%d' % (start, end)
+            if total:
+                content_range += '/%d' % total
+            self.send_header('Content-Range', content_range)
+        return (end - start + 1) if valid_range else total
+
+    def serve(self, range=True, content_length=True):
+        self.send_response(200)
+        self.send_header('Content-Type', 'video/mp4')
+        size = TEST_SIZE
+        if range:
+            size = self.send_content_range(TEST_SIZE)
+        if content_length:
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', size)
+        self.end_headers()
+        self.wfile.write(b'#' * size)
+
+    def do_GET(self):
+        if self.path == '/regular':
+            self.serve()
+        elif self.path == '/no-content-length':
+            self.serve(content_length=False)
+        elif self.path == '/no-range':
+            self.serve(range=False)
+        elif self.path == '/no-range-no-content-length':
+            self.serve(range=False, content_length=False)
+        else:
+            assert False, 'unrecognised server path'
+
+
+@ifExternalFDAvailable(Aria2pFD)
+class TestAria2pFD(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.httpd = compat_http_server.HTTPServer(
+            ('127.0.0.1', 0), HTTPTestRequestHandler)
+        self.port = http_server_port(self.httpd)
+        self.server_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.httpd.serve_forever)
+        self.server_thread.daemon = True
+        self.server_thread.start()
+
+    def download(self, params, ep):
+        with subprocess.Popen(
+            ['aria2c', '--enable-rpc'],
+            stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+            stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL
+        ) as process:
+            if not process.poll():
+                filename = 'testfile.mp4'
+                params['logger'] = FakeLogger()
+                params['outtmpl'] = filename
+                ydl = YoutubeDL(params)
+                try_rm(encodeFilename(filename))
+                self.assertEqual(ydl.download(['http://127.0.0.1:%d/%s' % (self.port, ep)]), 0)
+                self.assertEqual(os.path.getsize(encodeFilename(filename)), TEST_SIZE)
+                try_rm(encodeFilename(filename))
+            process.kill()
+
+    def download_all(self, params):
+        for ep in ('regular', 'no-content-length', 'no-range', 'no-range-no-content-length'):
+            self.download(params, ep)
+
+    def test_regular(self):
+        self.download_all({'external_downloader': 'aria2p'})
+
+    def test_chunked(self):
+        self.download_all({
+            'external_downloader': 'aria2p',
+            'http_chunk_size': 1000,
+        })
+
+
+@ifExternalFDAvailable(HttpieFD)
+class TestHttpieFD(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_make_cmd(self):
+        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
+            downloader = HttpieFD(ydl, {})
+            self.assertEqual(
+                downloader._make_cmd('test', TEST_INFO),
+                ['http', '--download', '--output', 'test', 'http://www.example.com/'])
+
+            # Test cookie header is added
+            ydl.cookiejar.set_cookie(cookiejar_Cookie(**TEST_COOKIE))
+            self.assertEqual(
+                downloader._make_cmd('test', TEST_INFO),
+                ['http', '--download', '--output', 'test',
+                 'http://www.example.com/', 'Cookie:' + TEST_COOKIE_VALUE])
+
+
+@ifExternalFDAvailable(AxelFD)
+class TestAxelFD(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_make_cmd(self):
+        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
+            downloader = AxelFD(ydl, {})
+            self.assertEqual(
+                downloader._make_cmd('test', TEST_INFO),
+                ['axel', '-o', 'test', '--', 'http://www.example.com/'])
+
+            # Test cookie header is added
+            ydl.cookiejar.set_cookie(cookiejar_Cookie(**TEST_COOKIE))
+            self.assertEqual(
+                downloader._make_cmd('test', TEST_INFO),
+                ['axel', '-o', 'test', '-H', 'Cookie: ' + TEST_COOKIE_VALUE,
+                 '--max-redirect=0', '--', 'http://www.example.com/'])
+
+
+@ifExternalFDAvailable(WgetFD)
+class TestWgetFD(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_make_cmd(self):
+        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
+            downloader = WgetFD(ydl, {})
+            self.assertNotIn('--load-cookies', downloader._make_cmd('test', TEST_INFO))
+            # Test cookiejar tempfile arg is added
+            ydl.cookiejar.set_cookie(cookiejar_Cookie(**TEST_COOKIE))
+            self.assertIn('--load-cookies', downloader._make_cmd('test', TEST_INFO))
+
+
+@ifExternalFDAvailable(CurlFD)
+class TestCurlFD(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_make_cmd(self):
+        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
+            downloader = CurlFD(ydl, {})
+            self.assertNotIn('--cookie', downloader._make_cmd('test', TEST_INFO))
+            # Test cookie header is added
+            ydl.cookiejar.set_cookie(cookiejar_Cookie(**TEST_COOKIE))
+            self.assertIn('--cookie', downloader._make_cmd('test', TEST_INFO))
+            self.assertIn(TEST_COOKIE_VALUE, downloader._make_cmd('test', TEST_INFO))
+
+
+@ifExternalFDAvailable(Aria2cFD)
+class TestAria2cFD(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_make_cmd(self):
+        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
+            downloader = Aria2cFD(ydl, {})
+            downloader._make_cmd('test', TEST_INFO)
+            self.assertFalse(hasattr(downloader, '_cookies_tempfile'))
+
+            # Test cookiejar tempfile arg is added
+            ydl.cookiejar.set_cookie(cookiejar_Cookie(**TEST_COOKIE))
+            cmd = downloader._make_cmd('test', TEST_INFO)
+            self.assertIn('--load-cookies=%s' % downloader._cookies_tempfile, cmd)
+
+
+# Handle delegated availability
+def ifFFmpegFDAvailable(externalFD):
+    # raise SkipTest, or set False!
+    avail = ifExternalFDAvailable(externalFD) and False
+    with compat_contextlib_suppress(Exception):
+        avail = FFmpegPostProcessor(downloader=None).available
+    return unittest.skipUnless(
+        avail, externalFD.get_basename() + ' not found')
+
+
+@ifFFmpegFDAvailable(FFmpegFD)
+class TestFFmpegFD(unittest.TestCase):
+    _args = []
+
+    def _test_cmd(self, args):
+        self._args = args
+
+    def test_make_cmd(self):
+        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
+            downloader = FFmpegFD(ydl, {})
+            downloader._debug_cmd = self._test_cmd
+            info_dict = TEST_INFO.copy()
+            info_dict['ext'] = 'mp4'
+
+            downloader._call_downloader('test', info_dict)
+            self.assertEqual(self._args, [
+                'ffmpeg', '-y', '-i', 'http://www.example.com/',
+                '-c', 'copy', '-f', 'mp4', 'file:test'])
+
+            # Test cookies arg is added
+            ydl.cookiejar.set_cookie(cookiejar_Cookie(**TEST_COOKIE))
+            downloader._call_downloader('test', info_dict)
+            self.assertEqual(self._args, [
+                'ffmpeg', '-y', '-cookies', TEST_COOKIE_VALUE + '; path=/; domain=.example.com;\r\n',
+                '-i', 'http://www.example.com/', '-c', 'copy', '-f', 'mp4', 'file:test'])
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
--- a/test/test_downloader_http.py
+++ b/test/test_downloader_http.py
@ -9,7 +9,11 @@ import sys
 import unittest
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))

-from test.helper import http_server_port, try_rm
+from test.helper import (
+    FakeLogger,
+    http_server_port,
+    try_rm,
+)
 from youtube_dl import YoutubeDL
 from youtube_dl.compat import compat_http_server
 from youtube_dl.downloader.http import HttpFD
@ -66,17 +70,6 @@ class HTTPTestRequestHandler(compat_http_server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
            assert False


-class FakeLogger(object):
-    def debug(self, msg):
-        pass
-
-    def warning(self, msg):
-        pass
-
-    def error(self, msg):
-        pass
-
-
 class TestHttpFD(unittest.TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        self.httpd = compat_http_server.HTTPServer(
@ -95,7 +88,7 @@ class TestHttpFD(unittest.TestCase):
        self.assertTrue(downloader.real_download(filename, {
            'url': 'http://127.0.0.1:%d/%s' % (self.port, ep),
        }))
-        self.assertEqual(os.path.getsize(encodeFilename(filename)), TEST_SIZE)
+        self.assertEqual(os.path.getsize(encodeFilename(filename)), TEST_SIZE, ep)
        try_rm(encodeFilename(filename))

    def download_all(self, params):
--- a/test/test_execution.py
+++ b/test/test_execution.py
@ -8,46 +8,54 @@ import unittest
 import sys
 import os
 import subprocess
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
-
-from youtube_dl.utils import encodeArgument

 rootDir = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))

+sys.path.insert(0, rootDir)

-try:
-    _DEV_NULL = subprocess.DEVNULL
-except AttributeError:
-    _DEV_NULL = open(os.devnull, 'wb')
+from youtube_dl.compat import compat_register_utf8, compat_subprocess_get_DEVNULL
+from youtube_dl.utils import encodeArgument
+
+compat_register_utf8()
+
+
+_DEV_NULL = compat_subprocess_get_DEVNULL()


 class TestExecution(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.module = 'youtube_dl'
+        if sys.version_info < (2, 7):
+            self.module += '.__main__'
+
    def test_import(self):
        subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, '-c', 'import youtube_dl'], cwd=rootDir)

    def test_module_exec(self):
-        if sys.version_info >= (2, 7):  # Python 2.6 doesn't support package execution
-            subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, '-m', 'youtube_dl', '--version'], cwd=rootDir, stdout=_DEV_NULL)
+        subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, '-m', self.module, '--version'], cwd=rootDir, stdout=_DEV_NULL)

    def test_main_exec(self):
-        subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, 'youtube_dl/__main__.py', '--version'], cwd=rootDir, stdout=_DEV_NULL)
+        subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, os.path.normpath('youtube_dl/__main__.py'), '--version'], cwd=rootDir, stdout=_DEV_NULL)

    def test_cmdline_umlauts(self):
+        os.environ['PYTHONIOENCODING'] = 'utf-8'
        p = subprocess.Popen(
-            [sys.executable, 'youtube_dl/__main__.py', encodeArgument('ä'), '--version'],
+            [sys.executable, '-m', self.module, encodeArgument('ä'), '--version'],
            cwd=rootDir, stdout=_DEV_NULL, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
        _, stderr = p.communicate()
        self.assertFalse(stderr)

    def test_lazy_extractors(self):
+        lazy_extractors = os.path.normpath('youtube_dl/extractor/lazy_extractors.py')
        try:
-            subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, 'devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py', 'youtube_dl/extractor/lazy_extractors.py'], cwd=rootDir, stdout=_DEV_NULL)
-            subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, 'test/test_all_urls.py'], cwd=rootDir, stdout=_DEV_NULL)
+            subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, os.path.normpath('devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py'), lazy_extractors], cwd=rootDir, stdout=_DEV_NULL)
+            subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, os.path.normpath('test/test_all_urls.py')], cwd=rootDir, stdout=_DEV_NULL)
        finally:
-            try:
-                os.remove('youtube_dl/extractor/lazy_extractors.py')
-            except (IOError, OSError):
-                pass
+            for x in ('', 'c') if sys.version_info[0] < 3 else ('',):
+                try:
+                    os.remove(lazy_extractors + x)
+                except OSError:
+                    pass


 if __name__ == '__main__':
--- a/test/test_http.py
+++ b/test/test_http.py
@ -8,30 +8,163 @@ import sys
 import unittest
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))

-from test.helper import http_server_port
-from youtube_dl import YoutubeDL
-from youtube_dl.compat import compat_http_server, compat_urllib_request
+import contextlib
+import gzip
+import io
 import ssl
+import tempfile
 import threading
+import zlib
+
+# avoid deprecated alias assertRaisesRegexp
+if hasattr(unittest.TestCase, 'assertRaisesRegex'):
+    unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegexp = unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegex
+
+try:
+    import brotli
+except ImportError:
+    brotli = None
+try:
+    from urllib.request import pathname2url
+except ImportError:
+    from urllib import pathname2url
+
+from youtube_dl.compat import (
+    compat_http_cookiejar_Cookie,
+    compat_http_server,
+    compat_str as str,
+    compat_urllib_error,
+    compat_urllib_HTTPError,
+    compat_urllib_parse,
+    compat_urllib_request,
+)
+
+from youtube_dl.utils import (
+    sanitized_Request,
+    update_Request,
+    urlencode_postdata,
+)
+
+from test.helper import (
+    expectedFailureIf,
+    FakeYDL,
+    FakeLogger,
+    http_server_port,
+)
+from youtube_dl import YoutubeDL

 TEST_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))


 class HTTPTestRequestHandler(compat_http_server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
+    protocol_version = 'HTTP/1.1'
+
+    # work-around old/new -style class inheritance
+    def super(self, meth_name, *args, **kwargs):
+        from types import MethodType
+        try:
+            super()
+            fn = lambda s, m, *a, **k: getattr(super(), m)(*a, **k)
+        except TypeError:
+            fn = lambda s, m, *a, **k: getattr(compat_http_server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler, m)(s, *a, **k)
+        self.super = MethodType(fn, self)
+        return self.super(meth_name, *args, **kwargs)
+
    def log_message(self, format, *args):
        pass

+    def _headers(self):
+        payload = str(self.headers).encode('utf-8')
+        self.send_response(200)
+        self.send_header('Content-Type', 'application/json')
+        self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(payload)))
+        self.end_headers()
+        self.wfile.write(payload)
+
+    def _redirect(self):
+        self.send_response(int(self.path[len('/redirect_'):]))
+        self.send_header('Location', '/method')
+        self.send_header('Content-Length', '0')
+        self.end_headers()
+
+    def _method(self, method, payload=None):
+        self.send_response(200)
+        self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(payload or '')))
+        self.send_header('Method', method)
+        self.end_headers()
+        if payload:
+            self.wfile.write(payload)
+
+    def _status(self, status):
+        payload = '<html>{0} NOT FOUND</html>'.format(status).encode('utf-8')
+        self.send_response(int(status))
+        self.send_header('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=utf-8')
+        self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(payload)))
+        self.end_headers()
+        self.wfile.write(payload)
+
+    def _read_data(self):
+        if 'Content-Length' in self.headers:
+            return self.rfile.read(int(self.headers['Content-Length']))
+
+    def _test_url(self, path, host='127.0.0.1', scheme='http', port=None):
+        return '{0}://{1}:{2}/{3}'.format(
+            scheme, host,
+            port if port is not None
+            else http_server_port(self.server), path)
+
+    def do_POST(self):
+        data = self._read_data()
+        if self.path.startswith('/redirect_'):
+            self._redirect()
+        elif self.path.startswith('/method'):
+            self._method('POST', data)
+        elif self.path.startswith('/headers'):
+            self._headers()
+        else:
+            self._status(404)
+
+    def do_HEAD(self):
+        if self.path.startswith('/redirect_'):
+            self._redirect()
+        elif self.path.startswith('/method'):
+            self._method('HEAD')
+        else:
+            self._status(404)
+
+    def do_PUT(self):
+        data = self._read_data()
+        if self.path.startswith('/redirect_'):
+            self._redirect()
+        elif self.path.startswith('/method'):
+            self._method('PUT', data)
+        else:
+            self._status(404)
+
    def do_GET(self):
+
+        def respond(payload=b'<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>',
+                    payload_type='text/html; charset=utf-8',
+                    payload_encoding=None,
+                    resp_code=200):
+            self.send_response(resp_code)
+            self.send_header('Content-Type', payload_type)
+            if payload_encoding:
+                self.send_header('Content-Encoding', payload_encoding)
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(payload)))  # required for persistent connections
+            self.end_headers()
+            self.wfile.write(payload)
+
+        def gzip_compress(p):
+            buf = io.BytesIO()
+            with contextlib.closing(gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=buf, mode='wb')) as f:
+                f.write(p)
+            return buf.getvalue()
+
        if self.path == '/video.html':
-            self.send_response(200)
-            self.send_header('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=utf-8')
-            self.end_headers()
-            self.wfile.write(b'<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>')
+            respond()
        elif self.path == '/vid.mp4':
-            self.send_response(200)
-            self.send_header('Content-Type', 'video/mp4')
-            self.end_headers()
-            self.wfile.write(b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x20\x66\x74[video]')
+            respond(b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x20\x66\x74[video]', 'video/mp4')
        elif self.path == '/302':
            if sys.version_info[0] == 3:
                # XXX: Python 3 http server does not allow non-ASCII header values
@ -39,71 +172,336 @@ class HTTPTestRequestHandler(compat_http_server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
                self.end_headers()
                return

-            new_url = 'http://127.0.0.1:%d/中文.html' % http_server_port(self.server)
+            new_url = self._test_url('中文.html')
            self.send_response(302)
            self.send_header(b'Location', new_url.encode('utf-8'))
            self.end_headers()
        elif self.path == '/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87.html':
-            self.send_response(200)
-            self.send_header('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=utf-8')
+            respond()
+        elif self.path == '/%c7%9f':
+            respond()
+        elif self.path == '/redirect_dotsegments':
+            self.send_response(301)
+            # redirect to /headers but with dot segments before
+            self.send_header('Location', '/a/b/./../../headers')
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', '0')
            self.end_headers()
-            self.wfile.write(b'<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>')
+        elif self.path.startswith('/redirect_'):
+            self._redirect()
+        elif self.path.startswith('/method'):
+            self._method('GET')
+        elif self.path.startswith('/headers'):
+            self._headers()
+        elif self.path.startswith('/308-to-headers'):
+            self.send_response(308)
+            self.send_header('Location', '/headers')
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', '0')
+            self.end_headers()
+        elif self.path == '/trailing_garbage':
+            payload = b'<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>'
+            compressed = gzip_compress(payload) + b'trailing garbage'
+            respond(compressed, payload_encoding='gzip')
+        elif self.path == '/302-non-ascii-redirect':
+            new_url = self._test_url('中文.html')
+            # actually respond with permanent redirect
+            self.send_response(301)
+            self.send_header('Location', new_url)
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', '0')
+            self.end_headers()
+        elif self.path == '/content-encoding':
+            encodings = self.headers.get('ytdl-encoding', '')
+            payload = b'<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>'
+            for encoding in filter(None, (e.strip() for e in encodings.split(','))):
+                if encoding == 'br' and brotli:
+                    payload = brotli.compress(payload)
+                elif encoding == 'gzip':
+                    payload = gzip_compress(payload)
+                elif encoding == 'deflate':
+                    payload = zlib.compress(payload)
+                elif encoding == 'unsupported':
+                    payload = b'raw'
+                    break
+                else:
+                    self._status(415)
+                    return
+            respond(payload, payload_encoding=encodings)
+
        else:
-            assert False
+            self._status(404)

+    def send_header(self, keyword, value):
+        """
+        Forcibly allow HTTP server to send non percent-encoded non-ASCII characters in headers.
+        This is against what is defined in RFC 3986: but we need to test that we support this
+        since some sites incorrectly do this.
+        """
+        if keyword.lower() == 'connection':
+            return self.super('send_header', keyword, value)

-class FakeLogger(object):
-    def debug(self, msg):
-        pass
+        if not hasattr(self, '_headers_buffer'):
+            self._headers_buffer = []

-    def warning(self, msg):
-        pass
+        self._headers_buffer.append('{0}: {1}\r\n'.format(keyword, value).encode('utf-8'))

-    def error(self, msg):
-        pass
+    def end_headers(self):
+        if hasattr(self, '_headers_buffer'):
+            self.wfile.write(b''.join(self._headers_buffer))
+            self._headers_buffer = []
+        self.super('end_headers')


 class TestHTTP(unittest.TestCase):
+    # when does it make sense to check the SSL certificate?
+    _check_cert = (
+        sys.version_info >= (3, 2)
+        or (sys.version_info[0] == 2 and sys.version_info[1:] >= (7, 19)))
+
    def setUp(self):
-        self.httpd = compat_http_server.HTTPServer(
+        # HTTP server
+        self.http_httpd = compat_http_server.HTTPServer(
            ('127.0.0.1', 0), HTTPTestRequestHandler)
-        self.port = http_server_port(self.httpd)
-        self.server_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.httpd.serve_forever)
-        self.server_thread.daemon = True
-        self.server_thread.start()
+        self.http_port = http_server_port(self.http_httpd)
+
+        self.http_server_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.http_httpd.serve_forever)
+        self.http_server_thread.daemon = True
+        self.http_server_thread.start()
+
+        try:
+            from http.server import ThreadingHTTPServer
+        except ImportError:
+            try:
+                from socketserver import ThreadingMixIn
+            except ImportError:
+                from SocketServer import ThreadingMixIn
+
+            class ThreadingHTTPServer(ThreadingMixIn, compat_http_server.HTTPServer):
+                pass
+
+        # HTTPS server
+        certfn = os.path.join(TEST_DIR, 'testcert.pem')
+        self.https_httpd = ThreadingHTTPServer(
+            ('127.0.0.1', 0), HTTPTestRequestHandler)
+        try:
+            sslctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23)
+            sslctx.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+            sslctx.check_hostname = False
+            sslctx.load_cert_chain(certfn, None)
+            self.https_httpd.socket = sslctx.wrap_socket(
+                self.https_httpd.socket, server_side=True)
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.https_httpd.socket = ssl.wrap_socket(
+                self.https_httpd.socket, certfile=certfn, server_side=True)
+
+        self.https_port = http_server_port(self.https_httpd)
+        self.https_server_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.https_httpd.serve_forever)
+        self.https_server_thread.daemon = True
+        self.https_server_thread.start()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+
+        def closer(svr):
+            def _closer():
+                svr.shutdown()
+                svr.server_close()
+            return _closer
+
+        shutdown_thread = threading.Thread(target=closer(self.http_httpd))
+        shutdown_thread.start()
+        self.http_server_thread.join(2.0)
+
+        shutdown_thread = threading.Thread(target=closer(self.https_httpd))
+        shutdown_thread.start()
+        self.https_server_thread.join(2.0)
+
+    def _test_url(self, path, host='127.0.0.1', scheme='http', port=None):
+        return '{0}://{1}:{2}/{3}'.format(
+            scheme, host,
+            port if port is not None
+            else self.https_port if scheme == 'https'
+            else self.http_port, path)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(_check_cert, 'No support for certificate check in SSL')
+    def test_nocheckcertificate(self):
+        with FakeYDL({'logger': FakeLogger()}) as ydl:
+            with self.assertRaises(compat_urllib_error.URLError):
+                ydl.urlopen(sanitized_Request(self._test_url('headers', scheme='https')))
+
+        with FakeYDL({'logger': FakeLogger(), 'nocheckcertificate': True}) as ydl:
+            r = ydl.urlopen(sanitized_Request(self._test_url('headers', scheme='https')))
+            self.assertEqual(r.getcode(), 200)
+            r.close()
+
+    def test_percent_encode(self):
+        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
+            # Unicode characters should be encoded with uppercase percent-encoding
+            res = ydl.urlopen(sanitized_Request(self._test_url('中文.html')))
+            self.assertEqual(res.getcode(), 200)
+            res.close()
+            # don't normalize existing percent encodings
+            res = ydl.urlopen(sanitized_Request(self._test_url('%c7%9f')))
+            self.assertEqual(res.getcode(), 200)
+            res.close()

    def test_unicode_path_redirection(self):
-        # XXX: Python 3 http server does not allow non-ASCII header values
-        if sys.version_info[0] == 3:
-            return
+        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
+            r = ydl.urlopen(sanitized_Request(self._test_url('302-non-ascii-redirect')))
+            self.assertEqual(r.url, self._test_url('%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87.html'))
+            r.close()

-        ydl = YoutubeDL({'logger': FakeLogger()})
-        r = ydl.extract_info('http://127.0.0.1:%d/302' % self.port)
-        self.assertEqual(r['entries'][0]['url'], 'http://127.0.0.1:%d/vid.mp4' % self.port)
+    def test_redirect(self):
+        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
+            def do_req(redirect_status, method, check_no_content=False):
+                data = b'testdata' if method in ('POST', 'PUT') else None
+                res = ydl.urlopen(sanitized_Request(
+                    self._test_url('redirect_{0}'.format(redirect_status)),
+                    method=method, data=data))
+                if check_no_content:
+                    self.assertNotIn('Content-Type', res.headers)
+                return res.read().decode('utf-8'), res.headers.get('method', '')
+            # A 303 must either use GET or HEAD for subsequent request
+            self.assertEqual(do_req(303, 'POST'), ('', 'GET'))
+            self.assertEqual(do_req(303, 'HEAD'), ('', 'HEAD'))

+            self.assertEqual(do_req(303, 'PUT'), ('', 'GET'))

-class TestHTTPS(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
-        certfn = os.path.join(TEST_DIR, 'testcert.pem')
-        self.httpd = compat_http_server.HTTPServer(
-            ('127.0.0.1', 0), HTTPTestRequestHandler)
-        self.httpd.socket = ssl.wrap_socket(
-            self.httpd.socket, certfile=certfn, server_side=True)
-        self.port = http_server_port(self.httpd)
-        self.server_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.httpd.serve_forever)
-        self.server_thread.daemon = True
-        self.server_thread.start()
+            # 301 and 302 turn POST only into a GET, with no Content-Type
+            self.assertEqual(do_req(301, 'POST', True), ('', 'GET'))
+            self.assertEqual(do_req(301, 'HEAD'), ('', 'HEAD'))
+            self.assertEqual(do_req(302, 'POST', True), ('', 'GET'))
+            self.assertEqual(do_req(302, 'HEAD'), ('', 'HEAD'))

-    def test_nocheckcertificate(self):
-        if sys.version_info >= (2, 7, 9):  # No certificate checking anyways
-            ydl = YoutubeDL({'logger': FakeLogger()})
-            self.assertRaises(
-                Exception,
-                ydl.extract_info, 'https://127.0.0.1:%d/video.html' % self.port)
+            self.assertEqual(do_req(301, 'PUT'), ('testdata', 'PUT'))
+            self.assertEqual(do_req(302, 'PUT'), ('testdata', 'PUT'))

-        ydl = YoutubeDL({'logger': FakeLogger(), 'nocheckcertificate': True})
-        r = ydl.extract_info('https://127.0.0.1:%d/video.html' % self.port)
-        self.assertEqual(r['entries'][0]['url'], 'https://127.0.0.1:%d/vid.mp4' % self.port)
+            # 307 and 308 should not change method
+            for m in ('POST', 'PUT'):
+                self.assertEqual(do_req(307, m), ('testdata', m))
+                self.assertEqual(do_req(308, m), ('testdata', m))
+
+            self.assertEqual(do_req(307, 'HEAD'), ('', 'HEAD'))
+            self.assertEqual(do_req(308, 'HEAD'), ('', 'HEAD'))
+
+            # These should not redirect and instead raise an HTTPError
+            for code in (300, 304, 305, 306):
+                with self.assertRaises(compat_urllib_HTTPError):
+                    do_req(code, 'GET')
+
+    # Jython 2.7.1 times out for some reason
+    @expectedFailureIf(sys.platform.startswith('java') and sys.version_info < (2, 7, 2))
+    def test_content_type(self):
+        # https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/379a4f161d4ad3e40932dcf5aca6e6fb9715ab28
+        with FakeYDL({'nocheckcertificate': True}) as ydl:
+            # method should be auto-detected as POST
+            r = sanitized_Request(self._test_url('headers', scheme='https'), data=urlencode_postdata({'test': 'test'}))
+
+            headers = ydl.urlopen(r).read().decode('utf-8')
+            self.assertIn('Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded', headers)
+
+            # test http
+            r = sanitized_Request(self._test_url('headers'), data=urlencode_postdata({'test': 'test'}))
+            headers = ydl.urlopen(r).read().decode('utf-8')
+            self.assertIn('Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded', headers)
+
+    def test_update_req(self):
+        req = sanitized_Request('http://example.com')
+        assert req.data is None
+        assert req.get_method() == 'GET'
+        assert not req.has_header('Content-Type')
+        # Test that zero-byte payloads will be sent
+        req = update_Request(req, data=b'')
+        assert req.data == b''
+        assert req.get_method() == 'POST'
+        # yt-dl expects data to be encoded and Content-Type to be added by sender
+        # assert req.get_header('Content-Type') == 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+
+    def test_cookiejar(self):
+        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
+            ydl.cookiejar.set_cookie(compat_http_cookiejar_Cookie(
+                0, 'test', 'ytdl', None, False, '127.0.0.1', True,
+                False, '/headers', True, False, None, False, None, None, {}))
+            data = ydl.urlopen(sanitized_Request(
+                self._test_url('headers'))).read().decode('utf-8')
+            self.assertIn('Cookie: test=ytdl', data)
+
+    def test_passed_cookie_header(self):
+        # We should accept a Cookie header being passed as in normal headers and handle it appropriately.
+        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
+            # Specified Cookie header should be used
+            res = ydl.urlopen(sanitized_Request(
+                self._test_url('headers'), headers={'Cookie': 'test=test'})).read().decode('utf-8')
+            self.assertIn('Cookie: test=test', res)
+
+            # Specified Cookie header should be removed on any redirect
+            res = ydl.urlopen(sanitized_Request(
+                self._test_url('308-to-headers'), headers={'Cookie': 'test=test'})).read().decode('utf-8')
+            self.assertNotIn('Cookie: test=test', res)
+
+            # Specified Cookie header should override global cookiejar for that request
+            ydl.cookiejar.set_cookie(compat_http_cookiejar_Cookie(
+                0, 'test', 'ytdlp', None, False, '127.0.0.1', True,
+                False, '/headers', True, False, None, False, None, None, {}))
+            data = ydl.urlopen(sanitized_Request(
+                self._test_url('headers'), headers={'Cookie': 'test=test'})).read().decode('utf-8')
+            self.assertNotIn('Cookie: test=ytdlp', data)
+            self.assertIn('Cookie: test=test', data)
+
+    def test_no_compression_compat_header(self):
+        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
+            data = ydl.urlopen(
+                sanitized_Request(
+                    self._test_url('headers'),
+                    headers={'Youtubedl-no-compression': True})).read()
+            self.assertIn(b'Accept-Encoding: identity', data)
+            self.assertNotIn(b'youtubedl-no-compression', data.lower())
+
+    def test_gzip_trailing_garbage(self):
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/aa3e950764337ef9800c936f4de89b31c00dfcf5
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/6f2ec15cee79d35dba065677cad9da7491ec6e6f
+        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
+            data = ydl.urlopen(sanitized_Request(self._test_url('trailing_garbage'))).read().decode('utf-8')
+            self.assertEqual(data, '<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>')
+
+    def __test_compression(self, encoding):
+        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
+            res = ydl.urlopen(
+                sanitized_Request(
+                    self._test_url('content-encoding'),
+                    headers={'ytdl-encoding': encoding}))
+            # decoded encodings are removed: only check for valid decompressed data
+            self.assertEqual(res.read(), b'<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>')
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(brotli, 'brotli support is not installed')
+    def test_brotli(self):
+        self.__test_compression('br')
+
+    def test_deflate(self):
+        self.__test_compression('deflate')
+
+    def test_gzip(self):
+        self.__test_compression('gzip')
+
+    def test_multiple_encodings(self):
+        # https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9110.html#section-8.4
+        for pair in ('gzip,deflate', 'deflate, gzip', 'gzip, gzip', 'deflate, deflate'):
+            self.__test_compression(pair)
+
+    def test_unsupported_encoding(self):
+        # it should return the raw content
+        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
+            res = ydl.urlopen(
+                sanitized_Request(
+                    self._test_url('content-encoding'),
+                    headers={'ytdl-encoding': 'unsupported'}))
+            self.assertEqual(res.headers.get('Content-Encoding'), 'unsupported')
+            self.assertEqual(res.read(), b'raw')
+
+    def test_remove_dot_segments(self):
+        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
+            res = ydl.urlopen(sanitized_Request(self._test_url('a/b/./../../headers')))
+            self.assertEqual(compat_urllib_parse.urlparse(res.geturl()).path, '/headers')
+
+            res = ydl.urlopen(sanitized_Request(self._test_url('redirect_dotsegments')))
+            self.assertEqual(compat_urllib_parse.urlparse(res.geturl()).path, '/headers')


 def _build_proxy_handler(name):
@ -117,7 +515,7 @@ def _build_proxy_handler(name):
            self.send_response(200)
            self.send_header('Content-Type', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8')
            self.end_headers()
-            self.wfile.write('{self.proxy_name}: {self.path}'.format(self=self).encode('utf-8'))
+            self.wfile.write('{0}: {1}'.format(self.proxy_name, self.path).encode('utf-8'))
    return HTTPTestRequestHandler


@ -137,10 +535,30 @@ class TestProxy(unittest.TestCase):
        self.geo_proxy_thread.daemon = True
        self.geo_proxy_thread.start()

+    def tearDown(self):
+
+        def closer(svr):
+            def _closer():
+                svr.shutdown()
+                svr.server_close()
+            return _closer
+
+        shutdown_thread = threading.Thread(target=closer(self.proxy))
+        shutdown_thread.start()
+        self.proxy_thread.join(2.0)
+
+        shutdown_thread = threading.Thread(target=closer(self.geo_proxy))
+        shutdown_thread.start()
+        self.geo_proxy_thread.join(2.0)
+
+    def _test_proxy(self, host='127.0.0.1', port=None):
+        return '{0}:{1}'.format(
+            host, port if port is not None else self.port)
+
    def test_proxy(self):
-        geo_proxy = '127.0.0.1:{0}'.format(self.geo_port)
+        geo_proxy = self._test_proxy(port=self.geo_port)
        ydl = YoutubeDL({
-            'proxy': '127.0.0.1:{0}'.format(self.port),
+            'proxy': self._test_proxy(),
            'geo_verification_proxy': geo_proxy,
        })
        url = 'http://foo.com/bar'
@ -154,7 +572,7 @@ class TestProxy(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_proxy_with_idn(self):
        ydl = YoutubeDL({
-            'proxy': '127.0.0.1:{0}'.format(self.port),
+            'proxy': self._test_proxy(),
        })
        url = 'http://中文.tw/'
        response = ydl.urlopen(url).read().decode('utf-8')
@ -162,5 +580,25 @@ class TestProxy(unittest.TestCase):
        self.assertEqual(response, 'normal: http://xn--fiq228c.tw/')


+class TestFileURL(unittest.TestCase):
+    # See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/8227
+    def test_file_urls(self):
+        tf = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False)
+        tf.write(b'foobar')
+        tf.close()
+        url = compat_urllib_parse.urljoin('file://', pathname2url(tf.name))
+        with FakeYDL() as ydl:
+            self.assertRaisesRegexp(
+                compat_urllib_error.URLError, 'file:// scheme is explicitly disabled in youtube-dl for security reasons', ydl.urlopen, url)
+        # not yet implemented
+        """
+        with FakeYDL({'enable_file_urls': True}) as ydl:
+            res = ydl.urlopen(url)
+            self.assertEqual(res.read(), b'foobar')
+            res.close()
+        """
+        os.unlink(tf.name)
+
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()
--- a/test/test_jsinterp.py
+++ b/test/test_jsinterp.py
@ -8,175 +8,450 @@ import sys
 import unittest
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))

-from youtube_dl.jsinterp import JSInterpreter
+import math
+import re
+
+from youtube_dl.compat import compat_str
+from youtube_dl.jsinterp import JS_Undefined, JSInterpreter
+
+NaN = object()


 class TestJSInterpreter(unittest.TestCase):
+    def _test(self, jsi_or_code, expected, func='f', args=()):
+        if isinstance(jsi_or_code, compat_str):
+            jsi_or_code = JSInterpreter(jsi_or_code)
+        got = jsi_or_code.call_function(func, *args)
+        if expected is NaN:
+            self.assertTrue(math.isnan(got), '{0} is not NaN'.format(got))
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(got, expected)
+
    def test_basic(self):
-        jsi = JSInterpreter('function x(){;}')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('x'), None)
+        jsi = JSInterpreter('function f(){;}')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(jsi.extract_function('f')), 'F<f>')
+        self._test(jsi, None)

-        jsi = JSInterpreter('function x3(){return 42;}')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('x3'), 42)
+        self._test('function f(){return 42;}', 42)
+        self._test('function f(){42}', None)
+        self._test('var f = function(){return 42;}', 42)

-        jsi = JSInterpreter('var x5 = function(){return 42;}')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('x5'), 42)
+    def test_add(self):
+        self._test('function f(){return 42 + 7;}', 49)
+        self._test('function f(){return 42 + undefined;}', NaN)
+        self._test('function f(){return 42 + null;}', 42)
+
+    def test_sub(self):
+        self._test('function f(){return 42 - 7;}', 35)
+        self._test('function f(){return 42 - undefined;}', NaN)
+        self._test('function f(){return 42 - null;}', 42)
+
+    def test_mul(self):
+        self._test('function f(){return 42 * 7;}', 294)
+        self._test('function f(){return 42 * undefined;}', NaN)
+        self._test('function f(){return 42 * null;}', 0)
+
+    def test_div(self):
+        jsi = JSInterpreter('function f(a, b){return a / b;}')
+        self._test(jsi, NaN, args=(0, 0))
+        self._test(jsi, NaN, args=(JS_Undefined, 1))
+        self._test(jsi, float('inf'), args=(2, 0))
+        self._test(jsi, 0, args=(0, 3))
+
+    def test_mod(self):
+        self._test('function f(){return 42 % 7;}', 0)
+        self._test('function f(){return 42 % 0;}', NaN)
+        self._test('function f(){return 42 % undefined;}', NaN)
+
+    def test_exp(self):
+        self._test('function f(){return 42 ** 2;}', 1764)
+        self._test('function f(){return 42 ** undefined;}', NaN)
+        self._test('function f(){return 42 ** null;}', 1)
+        self._test('function f(){return undefined ** 42;}', NaN)

    def test_calc(self):
-        jsi = JSInterpreter('function x4(a){return 2*a+1;}')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('x4', 3), 7)
+        self._test('function f(a){return 2*a+1;}', 7, args=[3])

    def test_empty_return(self):
-        jsi = JSInterpreter('function f(){return; y()}')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('f'), None)
+        self._test('function f(){return; y()}', None)

    def test_morespace(self):
-        jsi = JSInterpreter('function x (a) { return 2 * a + 1 ; }')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('x', 3), 7)
-
-        jsi = JSInterpreter('function f () { x =  2  ; return x; }')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('f'), 2)
+        self._test('function f (a) { return 2 * a + 1 ; }', 7, args=[3])
+        self._test('function f () { x =  2  ; return x; }', 2)

    def test_strange_chars(self):
-        jsi = JSInterpreter('function $_xY1 ($_axY1) { var $_axY2 = $_axY1 + 1; return $_axY2; }')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('$_xY1', 20), 21)
+        self._test('function $_xY1 ($_axY1) { var $_axY2 = $_axY1 + 1; return $_axY2; }',
+                   21, args=[20], func='$_xY1')

    def test_operators(self):
-        jsi = JSInterpreter('function f(){return 1 << 5;}')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('f'), 32)
-
-        jsi = JSInterpreter('function f(){return 19 & 21;}')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('f'), 17)
-
-        jsi = JSInterpreter('function f(){return 11 >> 2;}')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('f'), 2)
+        self._test('function f(){return 1 << 5;}', 32)
+        self._test('function f(){return 2 ** 5}', 32)
+        self._test('function f(){return 19 & 21;}', 17)
+        self._test('function f(){return 11 >> 2;}', 2)
+        self._test('function f(){return []? 2+3: 4;}', 5)
+        self._test('function f(){return 1 == 2}', False)
+        self._test('function f(){return 0 && 1 || 2;}', 2)
+        self._test('function f(){return 0 ?? 42;}', 0)
+        self._test('function f(){return "life, the universe and everything" < 42;}', False)
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/32815
+        self._test('function f(){return 0  - 7 * - 6;}', 42)

    def test_array_access(self):
-        jsi = JSInterpreter('function f(){var x = [1,2,3]; x[0] = 4; x[0] = 5; x[2] = 7; return x;}')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('f'), [5, 2, 7])
+        self._test('function f(){var x = [1,2,3]; x[0] = 4; x[0] = 5; x[2.0] = 7; return x;}', [5, 2, 7])

    def test_parens(self):
-        jsi = JSInterpreter('function f(){return (1) + (2) * ((( (( (((((3)))))) )) ));}')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('f'), 7)
+        self._test('function f(){return (1) + (2) * ((( (( (((((3)))))) )) ));}', 7)
+        self._test('function f(){return (1 + 2) * 3;}', 9)

-        jsi = JSInterpreter('function f(){return (1 + 2) * 3;}')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('f'), 9)
+    def test_quotes(self):
+        self._test(r'function f(){return "a\"\\("}', r'a"\(')

    def test_assignments(self):
-        jsi = JSInterpreter('function f(){var x = 20; x = 30 + 1; return x;}')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('f'), 31)
-
-        jsi = JSInterpreter('function f(){var x = 20; x += 30 + 1; return x;}')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('f'), 51)
-
-        jsi = JSInterpreter('function f(){var x = 20; x -= 30 + 1; return x;}')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('f'), -11)
+        self._test('function f(){var x = 20; x = 30 + 1; return x;}', 31)
+        self._test('function f(){var x = 20; x += 30 + 1; return x;}', 51)
+        self._test('function f(){var x = 20; x -= 30 + 1; return x;}', -11)

+    @unittest.skip('Not yet fully implemented')
    def test_comments(self):
-        'Skipping: Not yet fully implemented'
-        return
-        jsi = JSInterpreter('''
-        function x() {
-            var x = /* 1 + */ 2;
-            var y = /* 30
-            * 40 */ 50;
-            return x + y;
-        }
-        ''')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('x'), 52)
+        self._test('''
+            function f() {
+                var x = /* 1 + */ 2;
+                var y = /* 30
+                * 40 */ 50;
+                return x + y;
+            }
+        ''', 52)

-        jsi = JSInterpreter('''
-        function f() {
-            var x = "/*";
-            var y = 1 /* comment */ + 2;
-            return y;
-        }
-        ''')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('f'), 3)
+        self._test('''
+            function f() {
+                var x = "/*";
+                var y = 1 /* comment */ + 2;
+                return y;
+            }
+        ''', 3)

    def test_precedence(self):
-        jsi = JSInterpreter('''
-        function x() {
-            var a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50];
-            var b = 6;
-            a[0]=a[b%a.length];
-            return a;
-        }''')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('x'), [20, 20, 30, 40, 50])
+        self._test('''
+            function f() {
+                var a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50];
+                var b = 6;
+                a[0]=a[b%a.length];
+                return a;
+            }
+        ''', [20, 20, 30, 40, 50])
+
+    def test_builtins(self):
+        self._test('function f() { return NaN }', NaN)
+
+    def test_Date(self):
+        self._test('function f() { return new Date("Wednesday 31 December 1969 18:01:26 MDT") - 0; }', 86000)
+
+        jsi = JSInterpreter('function f(dt) { return new Date(dt) - 0; }')
+        # date format m/d/y
+        self._test(jsi, 86000, args=['12/31/1969 18:01:26 MDT'])
+        # epoch 0
+        self._test(jsi, 0, args=['1 January 1970 00:00:00 UTC'])

    def test_call(self):
        jsi = JSInterpreter('''
        function x() { return 2; }
-        function y(a) { return x() + a; }
+        function y(a) { return x() + (a?a:0); }
        function z() { return y(3); }
        ''')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('z'), 5)
+        self._test(jsi, 5, func='z')
+        self._test(jsi, 2, func='y')
+
+    def test_if(self):
+        self._test('''
+            function f() {
+            let a = 9;
+            if (0==0) {a++}
+            return a
+            }
+        ''', 10)
+
+        self._test('''
+            function f() {
+            if (0==0) {return 10}
+            }
+        ''', 10)
+
+        self._test('''
+            function f() {
+            if (0!=0) {return 1}
+            else {return 10}
+            }
+        ''', 10)
+
+    def test_elseif(self):
+        self._test('''
+            function f() {
+                if (0!=0) {return 1}
+                else if (1==0) {return 2}
+                else {return 10}
+            }
+        ''', 10)

    def test_for_loop(self):
-        # function x() { a=0; for (i=0; i-10; i++) {a++} a }
-        jsi = JSInterpreter('''
-        function x() { a=0; for (i=0; i-10; i = i + 1) {a++} a }
-        ''')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('x'), 10)
+        self._test('function f() { a=0; for (i=0; i-10; i++) {a++} return a }', 10)
+
+    def test_while_loop(self):
+        self._test('function f() { a=0; while (a<10) {a++} return a }', 10)

    def test_switch(self):
        jsi = JSInterpreter('''
-        function x(f) { switch(f){
-            case 1:f+=1;
-            case 2:f+=2;
-            case 3:f+=3;break;
-            case 4:f+=4;
-            default:f=0;
-        } return f }
+            function f(x) { switch(x){
+                case 1:x+=1;
+                case 2:x+=2;
+                case 3:x+=3;break;
+                case 4:x+=4;
+                default:x=0;
+            } return x }
        ''')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('x', 1), 7)
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('x', 3), 6)
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('x', 5), 0)
+        self._test(jsi, 7, args=[1])
+        self._test(jsi, 6, args=[3])
+        self._test(jsi, 0, args=[5])

    def test_switch_default(self):
        jsi = JSInterpreter('''
-        function x(f) { switch(f){
-            case 2: f+=2;
-            default: f-=1;
-            case 5:
-            case 6: f+=6;
-            case 0: break;
-            case 1: f+=1;
-        } return f }
+            function f(x) { switch(x){
+                case 2: x+=2;
+                default: x-=1;
+                case 5:
+                case 6: x+=6;
+                case 0: break;
+                case 1: x+=1;
+            } return x }
        ''')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('x', 1), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('x', 5), 11)
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('x', 9), 14)
+        self._test(jsi, 2, args=[1])
+        self._test(jsi, 11, args=[5])
+        self._test(jsi, 14, args=[9])

    def test_try(self):
-        jsi = JSInterpreter('''
-        function x() { try{return 10} catch(e){return 5} }
-        ''')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('x'), 10)
+        self._test('function f() { try{return 10} catch(e){return 5} }', 10)
+
+    def test_catch(self):
+        self._test('function f() { try{throw 10} catch(e){return 5} }', 5)
+
+    def test_finally(self):
+        self._test('function f() { try{throw 10} finally {return 42} }', 42)
+        self._test('function f() { try{throw 10} catch(e){return 5} finally {return 42} }', 42)
+
+    def test_nested_try(self):
+        self._test('''
+            function f() {try {
+                try{throw 10} finally {throw 42}
+            } catch(e){return 5} }
+        ''', 5)

    def test_for_loop_continue(self):
-        jsi = JSInterpreter('''
-        function x() { a=0; for (i=0; i-10; i++) { continue; a++ } a }
-        ''')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('x'), 0)
+        self._test('function f() { a=0; for (i=0; i-10; i++) { continue; a++ } return a }', 0)

    def test_for_loop_break(self):
-        jsi = JSInterpreter('''
-        function x() { a=0; for (i=0; i-10; i++) { break; a++ } a }
-        ''')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('x'), 0)
+        self._test('function f() { a=0; for (i=0; i-10; i++) { break; a++ } return a }', 0)
+
+    def test_for_loop_try(self):
+        self._test('''
+            function f() {
+                for (i=0; i-10; i++) { try { if (i == 5) throw i} catch {return 10} finally {break} };
+                return 42 }
+        ''', 42)

    def test_literal_list(self):
-        jsi = JSInterpreter('''
-        function x() { [1, 2, "asdf", [5, 6, 7]][3] }
-        ''')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('x'), [5, 6, 7])
+        self._test('function f() { return [1, 2, "asdf", [5, 6, 7]][3] }', [5, 6, 7])

    def test_comma(self):
+        self._test('function f() { a=5; a -= 1, a+=3; return a }', 7)
+        self._test('function f() { a=5; return (a -= 1, a+=3, a); }', 7)
+        self._test('function f() { return (l=[0,1,2,3], function(a, b){return a+b})((l[1], l[2]), l[3]) }', 5)
+
+    def test_void(self):
+        self._test('function f() { return void 42; }', None)
+
+    def test_return_function(self):
        jsi = JSInterpreter('''
-        function x() { a=5; a -= 1, a+=3; return a }
+        function x() { return [1, function(){return 1}][1] }
        ''')
-        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('x'), 7)
+        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('x')([]), 1)
+
+    def test_null(self):
+        self._test('function f() { return null; }', None)
+        self._test('function f() { return [null > 0, null < 0, null == 0, null === 0]; }',
+                   [False, False, False, False])
+        self._test('function f() { return [null >= 0, null <= 0]; }', [True, True])
+
+    def test_undefined(self):
+        self._test('function f() { return undefined === undefined; }', True)
+        self._test('function f() { return undefined; }', JS_Undefined)
+        self._test('function f() {return undefined ?? 42; }', 42)
+        self._test('function f() { let v; return v; }', JS_Undefined)
+        self._test('function f() { let v; return v**0; }', 1)
+        self._test('function f() { let v; return [v>42, v<=42, v&&42, 42&&v]; }',
+                   [False, False, JS_Undefined, JS_Undefined])
+
+        self._test('''
+            function f() { return [
+                undefined === undefined,
+                undefined == undefined,
+                undefined == null
+            ]; }
+        ''', [True] * 3)
+        self._test('''
+            function f() { return [
+                undefined < undefined,
+                undefined > undefined,
+                undefined === 0,
+                undefined == 0,
+                undefined < 0,
+                undefined > 0,
+                undefined >= 0,
+                undefined <= 0,
+                undefined > null,
+                undefined < null,
+                undefined === null
+            ]; }
+        ''', [False] * 11)
+
+        jsi = JSInterpreter('''
+            function x() { let v; return [42+v, v+42, v**42, 42**v, 0**v]; }
+        ''')
+        for y in jsi.call_function('x'):
+            self.assertTrue(math.isnan(y))
+
+    def test_object(self):
+        self._test('function f() { return {}; }', {})
+        self._test('function f() { let a = {m1: 42, m2: 0 }; return [a["m1"], a.m2]; }', [42, 0])
+        self._test('function f() { let a; return a?.qq; }', JS_Undefined)
+        self._test('function f() { let a = {m1: 42, m2: 0 }; return a?.qq; }', JS_Undefined)
+
+    def test_regex(self):
+        self._test('function f() { let a=/,,[/,913,/](,)}/; }', None)
+
+        jsi = JSInterpreter('''
+            function x() { let a=/,,[/,913,/](,)}/; "".replace(a, ""); return a; }
+        ''')
+        attrs = set(('findall', 'finditer', 'match', 'scanner', 'search',
+                     'split', 'sub', 'subn'))
+        if sys.version_info >= (2, 7):
+            # documented for 2.6 but may not be found
+            attrs.update(('flags', 'groupindex', 'groups', 'pattern'))
+        self.assertSetEqual(set(dir(jsi.call_function('x'))) & attrs, attrs)
+
+        jsi = JSInterpreter('''
+            function x() { let a=/,,[/,913,/](,)}/i; return a; }
+        ''')
+        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('x').flags & ~re.U, re.I)
+
+        jsi = JSInterpreter(r'function f() { let a=/,][}",],()}(\[)/; return a; }')
+        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('f').pattern, r',][}",],()}(\[)')
+
+        jsi = JSInterpreter(r'function f() { let a=[/[)\\]/]; return a[0]; }')
+        self.assertEqual(jsi.call_function('f').pattern, r'[)\\]')
+
+    def test_replace(self):
+        self._test('function f() { let a="data-name".replace("data-", ""); return a }',
+                   'name')
+        self._test('function f() { let a="data-name".replace(new RegExp("^.+-"), ""); return a; }',
+                   'name')
+        self._test('function f() { let a="data-name".replace(/^.+-/, ""); return a; }',
+                   'name')
+        self._test('function f() { let a="data-name".replace(/a/g, "o"); return a; }',
+                   'doto-nome')
+        self._test('function f() { let a="data-name".replaceAll("a", "o"); return a; }',
+                   'doto-nome')
+
+    def test_char_code_at(self):
+        jsi = JSInterpreter('function f(i){return "test".charCodeAt(i)}')
+        self._test(jsi, 116, args=[0])
+        self._test(jsi, 101, args=[1])
+        self._test(jsi, 115, args=[2])
+        self._test(jsi, 116, args=[3])
+        self._test(jsi, None, args=[4])
+        self._test(jsi, 116, args=['not_a_number'])
+
+    def test_bitwise_operators_overflow(self):
+        self._test('function f(){return -524999584 << 5}', 379882496)
+        self._test('function f(){return 1236566549 << 5}', 915423904)
+
+    def test_bitwise_operators_typecast(self):
+        # madness
+        self._test('function f(){return null << 5}', 0)
+        self._test('function f(){return undefined >> 5}', 0)
+        self._test('function f(){return 42 << NaN}', 42)
+        self._test('function f(){return 42 << Infinity}', 42)
+
+    def test_negative(self):
+        self._test('function f(){return 2    *    -2.0    ;}', -4)
+        self._test('function f(){return 2    -    - -2    ;}', 0)
+        self._test('function f(){return 2    -    - - -2  ;}', 4)
+        self._test('function f(){return 2    -    + + - -2;}', 0)
+        self._test('function f(){return 2    +    - + - -2;}', 0)
+
+    def test_32066(self):
+        self._test(
+            "function f(){return Math.pow(3, 5) + new Date('1970-01-01T08:01:42.000+08:00') / 1000 * -239 - -24205;}",
+            70)
+
+    @unittest.skip('Not yet working')
+    def test_packed(self):
+        self._test(
+            '''function f(p,a,c,k,e,d){while(c--)if(k[c])p=p.replace(new RegExp('\\b'+c.toString(a)+'\\b','g'),k[c]);return p}''',
+            '''h 7=g("1j");7.7h({7g:[{33:"w://7f-7e-7d-7c.v.7b/7a/79/78/77/76.74?t=73&s=2s&e=72&f=2t&71=70.0.0.1&6z=6y&6x=6w"}],6v:"w://32.v.u/6u.31",16:"r%",15:"r%",6t:"6s",6r:"",6q:"l",6p:"l",6o:"6n",6m:\'6l\',6k:"6j",9:[{33:"/2u?b=6i&n=50&6h=w://32.v.u/6g.31",6f:"6e"}],1y:{6d:1,6c:\'#6b\',6a:\'#69\',68:"67",66:30,65:r,},"64":{63:"%62 2m%m%61%5z%5y%5x.u%5w%5v%5u.2y%22 2k%m%1o%22 5t%m%1o%22 5s%m%1o%22 2j%m%5r%22 16%m%5q%22 15%m%5p%22 5o%2z%5n%5m%2z",5l:"w://v.u/d/1k/5k.2y",5j:[]},\'5i\':{"5h":"5g"},5f:"5e",5d:"w://v.u",5c:{},5b:l,1x:[0.25,0.50,0.75,1,1.25,1.5,2]});h 1m,1n,5a;h 59=0,58=0;h 7=g("1j");h 2x=0,57=0,56=0;$.55({54:{\'53-52\':\'2i-51\'}});7.j(\'4z\',6(x){c(5>0&&x.1l>=5&&1n!=1){1n=1;$(\'q.4y\').4x(\'4w\')}});7.j(\'13\',6(x){2x=x.1l});7.j(\'2g\',6(x){2w(x)});7.j(\'4v\',6(){$(\'q.2v\').4u()});6 2w(x){$(\'q.2v\').4t();c(1m)19;1m=1;17=0;c(4s.4r===l){17=1}$.4q(\'/2u?b=4p&2l=1k&4o=2t-4n-4m-2s-4l&4k=&4j=&4i=&17=\'+17,6(2r){$(\'#4h\').4g(2r)});$(\'.3-8-4f-4e:4d("4c")\').2h(6(e){2q();g().4b(0);g().4a(l)});6 2q(){h $14=$("<q />").2p({1l:"49",16:"r%",15:"r%",48:0,2n:0,2o:47,46:"45(10%, 10%, 10%, 0.4)","44-43":"42"});$("<41 />").2p({16:"60%",15:"60%",2o:40,"3z-2n":"3y"}).3x({\'2m\':\'/?b=3w&2l=1k\',\'2k\':\'0\',\'2j\':\'2i\'}).2f($14);$14.2h(6(){$(3v).3u();g().2g()});$14.2f($(\'#1j\'))}g().13(0);}6 3t(){h 9=7.1b(2e);2d.2c(9);c(9.n>1){1r(i=0;i<9.n;i++){c(9[i].1a==2e){2d.2c(\'!!=\'+i);7.1p(i)}}}}7.j(\'3s\',6(){g().1h("/2a/3r.29","3q 10 28",6(){g().13(g().27()+10)},"2b");$("q[26=2b]").23().21(\'.3-20-1z\');g().1h("/2a/3p.29","3o 10 28",6(){h 12=g().27()-10;c(12<0)12=0;g().13(12)},"24");$("q[26=24]").23().21(\'.3-20-1z\');});6 1i(){}7.j(\'3n\',6(){1i()});7.j(\'3m\',6(){1i()});7.j("k",6(y){h 9=7.1b();c(9.n<2)19;$(\'.3-8-3l-3k\').3j(6(){$(\'#3-8-a-k\').1e(\'3-8-a-z\');$(\'.3-a-k\').p(\'o-1f\',\'11\')});7.1h("/3i/3h.3g","3f 3e",6(){$(\'.3-1w\').3d(\'3-8-1v\');$(\'.3-8-1y, .3-8-1x\').p(\'o-1g\',\'11\');c($(\'.3-1w\').3c(\'3-8-1v\')){$(\'.3-a-k\').p(\'o-1g\',\'l\');$(\'.3-a-k\').p(\'o-1f\',\'l\');$(\'.3-8-a\').1e(\'3-8-a-z\');$(\'.3-8-a:1u\').3b(\'3-8-a-z\')}3a{$(\'.3-a-k\').p(\'o-1g\',\'11\');$(\'.3-a-k\').p(\'o-1f\',\'11\');$(\'.3-8-a:1u\').1e(\'3-8-a-z\')}},"39");7.j("38",6(y){1d.37(\'1c\',y.9[y.36].1a)});c(1d.1t(\'1c\')){35("1s(1d.1t(\'1c\'));",34)}});h 18;6 1s(1q){h 9=7.1b();c(9.n>1){1r(i=0;i<9.n;i++){c(9[i].1a==1q){c(i==18){19}18=i;7.1p(i)}}}}',36,270,'|||jw|||function|player|settings|tracks|submenu||if||||jwplayer|var||on|audioTracks|true|3D|length|aria|attr|div|100|||sx|filemoon|https||event|active||false|tt|seek|dd|height|width|adb|current_audio|return|name|getAudioTracks|default_audio|localStorage|removeClass|expanded|checked|addButton|callMeMaybe|vplayer|0fxcyc2ajhp1|position|vvplay|vvad|220|setCurrentAudioTrack|audio_name|for|audio_set|getItem|last|open|controls|playbackRates|captions|rewind|icon|insertAfter||detach|ff00||button|getPosition|sec|png|player8|ff11|log|console|track_name|appendTo|play|click|no|scrolling|frameborder|file_code|src|top|zIndex|css|showCCform|data|1662367683|383371|dl|video_ad|doPlay|prevt|mp4|3E||jpg|thumbs|file|300|setTimeout|currentTrack|setItem|audioTrackChanged|dualSound|else|addClass|hasClass|toggleClass|Track|Audio|svg|dualy|images|mousedown|buttons|topbar|playAttemptFailed|beforePlay|Rewind|fr|Forward|ff|ready|set_audio_track|remove|this|upload_srt|prop|50px|margin|1000001|iframe|center|align|text|rgba|background|1000000|left|absolute|pause|setCurrentCaptions|Upload|contains|item|content|html|fviews|referer|prem|embed|3e57249ef633e0d03bf76ceb8d8a4b65|216|83|hash|view|get|TokenZir|window|hide|show|complete|slow|fadeIn|video_ad_fadein|time||cache|Cache|Content|headers|ajaxSetup|v2done|tott|vastdone2|vastdone1|vvbefore|playbackRateControls|cast|aboutlink|FileMoon|abouttext|UHD|1870|qualityLabels|sites|GNOME_POWER|link|2Fiframe|3C|allowfullscreen|22360|22640|22no|marginheight|marginwidth|2FGNOME_POWER|2F0fxcyc2ajhp1|2Fe|2Ffilemoon|2F|3A||22https|3Ciframe|code|sharing|fontOpacity|backgroundOpacity|Tahoma|fontFamily|303030|backgroundColor|FFFFFF|color|userFontScale|thumbnails|kind|0fxcyc2ajhp10000|url|get_slides|start|startparam|none|preload|html5|primary|hlshtml|androidhls|duration|uniform|stretching|0fxcyc2ajhp1_xt|image|2048|sp|6871|asn|127|srv|43200|_g3XlBcu2lmD9oDexD2NLWSmah2Nu3XcDrl93m9PwXY|m3u8||master|0fxcyc2ajhp1_x|00076|01|hls2|to|s01|delivery|storage|moon|sources|setup'''.split('|'))
+
+    def test_join(self):
+        test_input = list('test')
+        tests = [
+            'function f(a, b){return a.join(b)}',
+            'function f(a, b){return Array.prototype.join.call(a, b)}',
+            'function f(a, b){return Array.prototype.join.apply(a, [b])}',
+        ]
+        for test in tests:
+            jsi = JSInterpreter(test)
+            self._test(jsi, 'test', args=[test_input, ''])
+            self._test(jsi, 't-e-s-t', args=[test_input, '-'])
+            self._test(jsi, '', args=[[], '-'])
+
+    def test_split(self):
+        test_result = list('test')
+        tests = [
+            'function f(a, b){return a.split(b)}',
+            'function f(a, b){return String.prototype.split.call(a, b)}',
+            'function f(a, b){return String.prototype.split.apply(a, [b])}',
+        ]
+        for test in tests:
+            jsi = JSInterpreter(test)
+            self._test(jsi, test_result, args=['test', ''])
+            self._test(jsi, test_result, args=['t-e-s-t', '-'])
+            self._test(jsi, [''], args=['', '-'])
+            self._test(jsi, [], args=['', ''])
+
+    def test_slice(self):
+        self._test('function f(){return [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].slice()}', [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
+        self._test('function f(){return [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].slice(0)}', [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
+        self._test('function f(){return [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].slice(5)}', [5, 6, 7, 8])
+        self._test('function f(){return [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].slice(99)}', [])
+        self._test('function f(){return [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].slice(-2)}', [7, 8])
+        self._test('function f(){return [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].slice(-99)}', [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
+        self._test('function f(){return [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].slice(0, 0)}', [])
+        self._test('function f(){return [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].slice(1, 0)}', [])
+        self._test('function f(){return [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].slice(0, 1)}', [0])
+        self._test('function f(){return [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].slice(3, 6)}', [3, 4, 5])
+        self._test('function f(){return [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].slice(1, -1)}', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
+        self._test('function f(){return [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].slice(-1, 1)}', [])
+        self._test('function f(){return [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].slice(-3, -1)}', [6, 7])
+        self._test('function f(){return "012345678".slice()}', '012345678')
+        self._test('function f(){return "012345678".slice(0)}', '012345678')
+        self._test('function f(){return "012345678".slice(5)}', '5678')
+        self._test('function f(){return "012345678".slice(99)}', '')
+        self._test('function f(){return "012345678".slice(-2)}', '78')
+        self._test('function f(){return "012345678".slice(-99)}', '012345678')
+        self._test('function f(){return "012345678".slice(0, 0)}', '')
+        self._test('function f(){return "012345678".slice(1, 0)}', '')
+        self._test('function f(){return "012345678".slice(0, 1)}', '0')
+        self._test('function f(){return "012345678".slice(3, 6)}', '345')
+        self._test('function f(){return "012345678".slice(1, -1)}', '1234567')
+        self._test('function f(){return "012345678".slice(-1, 1)}', '')
+        self._test('function f(){return "012345678".slice(-3, -1)}', '67')


 if __name__ == '__main__':
--- a/test/test_subtitles.py
+++ b/test/test_subtitles.py
@ -38,6 +38,9 @@ class BaseTestSubtitles(unittest.TestCase):
        self.DL = FakeYDL()
        self.ie = self.IE()
        self.DL.add_info_extractor(self.ie)
+        if not self.IE.working():
+            print('Skipping: %s marked as not _WORKING' % self.IE.ie_key())
+            self.skipTest('IE marked as not _WORKING')

    def getInfoDict(self):
        info_dict = self.DL.extract_info(self.url, download=False)
@ -56,6 +59,21 @@ class BaseTestSubtitles(unittest.TestCase):


 class TestYoutubeSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
+    # Available subtitles for QRS8MkLhQmM:
+    # Language formats
+    # ru       vtt, ttml, srv3, srv2, srv1, json3
+    # fr       vtt, ttml, srv3, srv2, srv1, json3
+    # en       vtt, ttml, srv3, srv2, srv1, json3
+    # nl       vtt, ttml, srv3, srv2, srv1, json3
+    # de       vtt, ttml, srv3, srv2, srv1, json3
+    # ko       vtt, ttml, srv3, srv2, srv1, json3
+    # it       vtt, ttml, srv3, srv2, srv1, json3
+    # zh-Hant  vtt, ttml, srv3, srv2, srv1, json3
+    # hi       vtt, ttml, srv3, srv2, srv1, json3
+    # pt-BR    vtt, ttml, srv3, srv2, srv1, json3
+    # es-MX    vtt, ttml, srv3, srv2, srv1, json3
+    # ja       vtt, ttml, srv3, srv2, srv1, json3
+    # pl       vtt, ttml, srv3, srv2, srv1, json3
    url = 'QRS8MkLhQmM'
    IE = YoutubeIE

@ -64,41 +82,60 @@ class TestYoutubeSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
        self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
        subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
        self.assertEqual(len(subtitles.keys()), 13)
-        self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), '3cb210999d3e021bd6c7f0ea751eab06')
-        self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['it']), '6d752b98c31f1cf8d597050c7a2cb4b5')
+        self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), 'ae1bd34126571a77aabd4d276b28044d')
+        self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['it']), '0e0b667ba68411d88fd1c5f4f4eab2f9')
        for lang in ['fr', 'de']:
            self.assertTrue(subtitles.get(lang) is not None, 'Subtitles for \'%s\' not extracted' % lang)

-    def test_youtube_subtitles_ttml_format(self):
+    def _test_subtitles_format(self, fmt, md5_hash, lang='en'):
        self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
-        self.DL.params['subtitlesformat'] = 'ttml'
+        self.DL.params['subtitlesformat'] = fmt
        subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
-        self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), 'e306f8c42842f723447d9f63ad65df54')
+        self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles[lang]), md5_hash)
+
+    def test_youtube_subtitles_ttml_format(self):
+        self._test_subtitles_format('ttml', 'c97ddf1217390906fa9fbd34901f3da2')

    def test_youtube_subtitles_vtt_format(self):
-        self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
-        self.DL.params['subtitlesformat'] = 'vtt'
+        self._test_subtitles_format('vtt', 'ae1bd34126571a77aabd4d276b28044d')
+
+    def test_youtube_subtitles_json3_format(self):
+        self._test_subtitles_format('json3', '688dd1ce0981683867e7fe6fde2a224b')
+
+    def _test_automatic_captions(self, url, lang):
+        self.url = url
+        self.DL.params['writeautomaticsub'] = True
+        self.DL.params['subtitleslangs'] = [lang]
        subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
-        self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), '3cb210999d3e021bd6c7f0ea751eab06')
+        self.assertTrue(subtitles[lang] is not None)

    def test_youtube_automatic_captions(self):
-        self.url = '8YoUxe5ncPo'
-        self.DL.params['writeautomaticsub'] = True
-        self.DL.params['subtitleslangs'] = ['it']
-        subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
-        self.assertTrue(subtitles['it'] is not None)
+        # Available automatic captions for 8YoUxe5ncPo:
+        # Language formats (all in vtt, ttml, srv3, srv2, srv1, json3)
+        # gu, zh-Hans, zh-Hant, gd, ga, gl, lb, la, lo, tt, tr,
+        # lv, lt, tk, th, tg, te, fil, haw, yi, ceb, yo, de, da,
+        # el, eo, en, eu, et, es, ru, rw, ro, bn, be, bg, uk, jv,
+        # bs, ja, or, xh, co, ca, cy, cs, ps, pt, pa, vi, pl, hy,
+        # hr, ht, hu, hmn, hi, ha, mg, uz, ml, mn, mi, mk, ur,
+        # mt, ms, mr, ug, ta, my, af, sw, is, am,
+        #                                         *it*, iw, sv, ar,
+        # su, zu, az, id, ig, nl, no, ne, ny, fr, ku, fy, fa, fi,
+        # ka, kk, sr, sq, ko, kn, km, st, sk, si, so, sn, sm, sl,
+        # ky, sd
+        # ...
+        self._test_automatic_captions('8YoUxe5ncPo', 'it')

+    @unittest.skip('ASR subs all in all supported langs now')
    def test_youtube_translated_subtitles(self):
-        # This video has a subtitles track, which can be translated
-        self.url = 'Ky9eprVWzlI'
-        self.DL.params['writeautomaticsub'] = True
-        self.DL.params['subtitleslangs'] = ['it']
-        subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
-        self.assertTrue(subtitles['it'] is not None)
+        # This video has a subtitles track, which can be translated (#4555)
+        self._test_automatic_captions('Ky9eprVWzlI', 'it')

    def test_youtube_nosubtitles(self):
        self.DL.expect_warning('video doesn\'t have subtitles')
-        self.url = 'n5BB19UTcdA'
+        # Available automatic captions for 8YoUxe5ncPo:
+        # ...
+        # 8YoUxe5ncPo has no subtitles
+        self.url = '8YoUxe5ncPo'
        self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
        self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
        subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
@ -128,6 +165,7 @@ class TestDailymotionSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
        self.assertFalse(subtitles)


+@unittest.skip('IE broken')
 class TestTedSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
    url = 'http://www.ted.com/talks/dan_dennett_on_our_consciousness.html'
    IE = TEDIE
@ -152,18 +190,19 @@ class TestVimeoSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
        self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
        subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), set(['de', 'en', 'es', 'fr']))
-        self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), '8062383cf4dec168fc40a088aa6d5888')
-        self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['fr']), 'b6191146a6c5d3a452244d853fde6dc8')
+        self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), '386cbc9320b94e25cb364b97935e5dd1')
+        self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['fr']), 'c9b69eef35bc6641c0d4da8a04f9dfac')

    def test_nosubtitles(self):
        self.DL.expect_warning('video doesn\'t have subtitles')
-        self.url = 'http://vimeo.com/56015672'
+        self.url = 'http://vimeo.com/68093876'
        self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
        self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
        subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
        self.assertFalse(subtitles)


+@unittest.skip('IE broken')
 class TestWallaSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
    url = 'http://vod.walla.co.il/movie/2705958/the-yes-men'
    IE = WallaIE
@ -185,6 +224,7 @@ class TestWallaSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
        self.assertFalse(subtitles)


+@unittest.skip('IE broken')
 class TestCeskaTelevizeSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
    url = 'http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/10600540290-u6-uzasny-svet-techniky'
    IE = CeskaTelevizeIE
@ -206,6 +246,7 @@ class TestCeskaTelevizeSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
        self.assertFalse(subtitles)


+@unittest.skip('IE broken')
 class TestLyndaSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
    url = 'http://www.lynda.com/Bootstrap-tutorials/Using-exercise-files/110885/114408-4.html'
    IE = LyndaIE
@ -218,6 +259,7 @@ class TestLyndaSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
        self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), '09bbe67222259bed60deaa26997d73a7')


+@unittest.skip('IE broken')
 class TestNPOSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
    url = 'http://www.npo.nl/nos-journaal/28-08-2014/POW_00722860'
    IE = NPOIE
@ -230,6 +272,7 @@ class TestNPOSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
        self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['nl']), 'fc6435027572b63fb4ab143abd5ad3f4')


+@unittest.skip('IE broken')
 class TestMTVSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
    url = 'http://www.cc.com/video-clips/p63lk0/adam-devine-s-house-party-chasing-white-swans'
    IE = ComedyCentralIE
@ -252,9 +295,10 @@ class TestNRKSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
    def test_allsubtitles(self):
        self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
        self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
+        self.DL.params['format'] = 'best/bestvideo'
        subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
-        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), set(['no']))
-        self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['no']), '544fa917d3197fcbee64634559221cc2')
+        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), set(['nb-ttv']))
+        self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['nb-ttv']), '67e06ff02d0deaf975e68f6cb8f6a149')


 class TestRaiPlaySubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
@ -277,6 +321,7 @@ class TestRaiPlaySubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
        self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['it']), '4b3264186fbb103508abe5311cfcb9cd')


+@unittest.skip('IE broken - DRM only')
 class TestVikiSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
    url = 'http://www.viki.com/videos/1060846v-punch-episode-18'
    IE = VikiIE
@ -303,6 +348,7 @@ class TestThePlatformSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
        self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), '97e7670cbae3c4d26ae8bcc7fdd78d4b')


+@unittest.skip('IE broken')
 class TestThePlatformFeedSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
    url = 'http://feed.theplatform.com/f/7wvmTC/msnbc_video-p-test?form=json&pretty=true&range=-40&byGuid=n_hardball_5biden_140207'
    IE = ThePlatformFeedIE
@ -338,7 +384,7 @@ class TestDemocracynowSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
        self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
        subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), set(['en']))
-        self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), 'acaca989e24a9e45a6719c9b3d60815c')
+        self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), 'a3cc4c0b5eadd74d9974f1c1f5101045')

    def test_subtitles_in_page(self):
        self.url = 'http://www.democracynow.org/2015/7/3/this_flag_comes_down_today_bree'
@ -346,7 +392,7 @@ class TestDemocracynowSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
        self.DL.params['allsubtitles'] = True
        subtitles = self.getSubtitles()
        self.assertEqual(set(subtitles.keys()), set(['en']))
-        self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), 'acaca989e24a9e45a6719c9b3d60815c')
+        self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), 'a3cc4c0b5eadd74d9974f1c1f5101045')


 if __name__ == '__main__':
--- a/test/test_swfinterp.py
+++ b/test/test_swfinterp.py
@ -5,16 +5,18 @@ from __future__ import unicode_literals
 import os
 import sys
 import unittest
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))

+dirn = os.path.dirname
+
+sys.path.insert(0, dirn(dirn(os.path.abspath(__file__))))

 import errno
-import io
 import json
 import re
 import subprocess

 from youtube_dl.swfinterp import SWFInterpreter
+from youtube_dl.compat import compat_open as open


 TEST_DIR = os.path.join(
@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ def _make_testfunc(testfile):
                    '-static-link-runtime-shared-libraries', as_file])
            except OSError as ose:
                if ose.errno == errno.ENOENT:
-                    print('mxmlc not found! Skipping test.')
+                    self.skipTest('mxmlc not found!')
                    return
                raise

@ -51,7 +53,7 @@ def _make_testfunc(testfile):
            swf_content = swf_f.read()
        swfi = SWFInterpreter(swf_content)

-        with io.open(as_file, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as as_f:
+        with open(as_file, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as as_f:
            as_content = as_f.read()

        def _find_spec(key):
--- a/test/test_traversal.py
+++ b/test/test_traversal.py
@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# coding: utf-8
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+# Allow direct execution
+import os
+import sys
+import unittest
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+
+
+import re
+
+from youtube_dl.traversal import (
+    dict_get,
+    get_first,
+    T,
+    traverse_obj,
+)
+from youtube_dl.compat import (
+    compat_etree_fromstring,
+    compat_http_cookies,
+    compat_str,
+)
+from youtube_dl.utils import (
+    int_or_none,
+    str_or_none,
+)
+
+_TEST_DATA = {
+    100: 100,
+    1.2: 1.2,
+    'str': 'str',
+    'None': None,
+    '...': Ellipsis,
+    'urls': [
+        {'index': 0, 'url': 'https://www.example.com/0'},
+        {'index': 1, 'url': 'https://www.example.com/1'},
+    ],
+    'data': (
+        {'index': 2},
+        {'index': 3},
+    ),
+    'dict': {},
+}
+
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
+    class _TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+        def assertCountEqual(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            return self.assertItemsEqual(*args, **kwargs)
+else:
+    _TestCase = unittest.TestCase
+
+
+class TestTraversal(_TestCase):
+    def assertMaybeCountEqual(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if sys.version_info < (3, 7):
+            # random dict order
+            return self.assertCountEqual(*args, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return self.assertEqual(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def test_traverse_obj(self):
+        # instant compat
+        str = compat_str
+
+        # define a pukka Iterable
+        def iter_range(stop):
+            for from_ in range(stop):
+                yield from_
+
+        # Test base functionality
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, ('str',)), 'str',
+                         msg='allow tuple path')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, ['str']), 'str',
+                         msg='allow list path')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, (value for value in ("str",))), 'str',
+                         msg='allow iterable path')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, 'str'), 'str',
+                         msg='single items should be treated as a path')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, None), _TEST_DATA)
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, 100), 100)
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, 1.2), 1.2)
+
+        # Test Ellipsis behavior
+        self.assertCountEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, Ellipsis),
+                              (item for item in _TEST_DATA.values() if item not in (None, {})),
+                              msg='`...` should give all non-discarded values')
+        self.assertCountEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, ('urls', 0, Ellipsis)), _TEST_DATA['urls'][0].values(),
+                              msg='`...` selection for dicts should select all values')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, (Ellipsis, Ellipsis, 'url')),
+                         ['https://www.example.com/0', 'https://www.example.com/1'],
+                         msg='nested `...` queries should work')
+        self.assertCountEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, (Ellipsis, Ellipsis, 'index')), iter_range(4),
+                              msg='`...` query result should be flattened')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(iter(range(4)), Ellipsis), list(range(4)),
+                         msg='`...` should accept iterables')
+
+        # Test function as key
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, lambda x, y: x == 'urls' and isinstance(y, list)),
+                         [_TEST_DATA['urls']],
+                         msg='function as query key should perform a filter based on (key, value)')
+        self.assertCountEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, lambda _, x: isinstance(x[0], str)), set(('str',)),
+                              msg='exceptions in the query function should be caught')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(iter(range(4)), lambda _, x: x % 2 == 0), [0, 2],
+                         msg='function key should accept iterables')
+        if __debug__:
+            with self.assertRaises(Exception, msg='Wrong function signature should raise in debug'):
+                traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, lambda a: Ellipsis)
+            with self.assertRaises(Exception, msg='Wrong function signature should raise in debug'):
+                traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, lambda a, b, c: Ellipsis)
+
+        # Test set as key (transformation/type, like `expected_type`)
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, (Ellipsis, T(str.upper), )), ['STR'],
+                         msg='Function in set should be a transformation')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, ('fail', T(lambda _: 'const'))), 'const',
+                         msg='Function in set should always be called')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, (Ellipsis, T(str))), ['str'],
+                         msg='Type in set should be a type filter')
+        self.assertMaybeCountEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, (Ellipsis, T(str, int))), [100, 'str'],
+                                   msg='Multiple types in set should be a type filter')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, T(dict)), _TEST_DATA,
+                         msg='A single set should be wrapped into a path')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, (Ellipsis, T(str.upper))), ['STR'],
+                         msg='Transformation function should not raise')
+        self.assertMaybeCountEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, (Ellipsis, T(str_or_none))),
+                                   [item for item in map(str_or_none, _TEST_DATA.values()) if item is not None],
+                                   msg='Function in set should be a transformation')
+        if __debug__:
+            with self.assertRaises(Exception, msg='Sets with length != 1 should raise in debug'):
+                traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, set())
+            with self.assertRaises(Exception, msg='Sets with length != 1 should raise in debug'):
+                traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, set((str.upper, str)))
+
+        # Test `slice` as a key
+        _SLICE_DATA = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, ('dict', slice(1))), None,
+                         msg='slice on a dictionary should not throw')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_SLICE_DATA, slice(1)), _SLICE_DATA[:1],
+                         msg='slice key should apply slice to sequence')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_SLICE_DATA, slice(1, 2)), _SLICE_DATA[1:2],
+                         msg='slice key should apply slice to sequence')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_SLICE_DATA, slice(1, 4, 2)), _SLICE_DATA[1:4:2],
+                         msg='slice key should apply slice to sequence')
+
+        # Test alternative paths
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, 'fail', 'str'), 'str',
+                         msg='multiple `paths` should be treated as alternative paths')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, 'str', 100), 'str',
+                         msg='alternatives should exit early')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, 'fail', 'fail'), None,
+                         msg='alternatives should return `default` if exhausted')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, (Ellipsis, 'fail'), 100), 100,
+                         msg='alternatives should track their own branching return')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, ('dict', Ellipsis), ('data', Ellipsis)), list(_TEST_DATA['data']),
+                         msg='alternatives on empty objects should search further')
+
+        # Test branch and path nesting
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, ('urls', (3, 0), 'url')), ['https://www.example.com/0'],
+                         msg='tuple as key should be treated as branches')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, ('urls', [3, 0], 'url')), ['https://www.example.com/0'],
+                         msg='list as key should be treated as branches')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, ('urls', ((1, 'fail'), (0, 'url')))), ['https://www.example.com/0'],
+                         msg='double nesting in path should be treated as paths')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(['0', [1, 2]], [(0, 1), 0]), [1],
+                         msg='do not fail early on branching')
+        self.assertCountEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, ('urls', ((1, ('fail', 'url')), (0, 'url')))),
+                              ['https://www.example.com/0', 'https://www.example.com/1'],
+                              msg='triple nesting in path should be treated as branches')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, ('urls', ('fail', (Ellipsis, 'url')))),
+                         ['https://www.example.com/0', 'https://www.example.com/1'],
+                         msg='ellipsis as branch path start gets flattened')
+
+        # Test dictionary as key
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, {0: 100, 1: 1.2}), {0: 100, 1: 1.2},
+                         msg='dict key should result in a dict with the same keys')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, {0: ('urls', 0, 'url')}),
+                         {0: 'https://www.example.com/0'},
+                         msg='dict key should allow paths')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, {0: ('urls', (3, 0), 'url')}),
+                         {0: ['https://www.example.com/0']},
+                         msg='tuple in dict path should be treated as branches')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, {0: ('urls', ((1, 'fail'), (0, 'url')))}),
+                         {0: ['https://www.example.com/0']},
+                         msg='double nesting in dict path should be treated as paths')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, {0: ('urls', ((1, ('fail', 'url')), (0, 'url')))}),
+                         {0: ['https://www.example.com/1', 'https://www.example.com/0']},
+                         msg='triple nesting in dict path should be treated as branches')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, {0: 'fail'}), {},
+                         msg='remove `None` values when top level dict key fails')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, {0: 'fail'}, default=Ellipsis), {0: Ellipsis},
+                         msg='use `default` if key fails and `default`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, {0: 'dict'}), {},
+                         msg='remove empty values when dict key')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, {0: 'dict'}, default=Ellipsis), {0: Ellipsis},
+                         msg='use `default` when dict key and a default')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, {0: {0: 'fail'}}), {},
+                         msg='remove empty values when nested dict key fails')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(None, {0: 'fail'}), {},
+                         msg='default to dict if pruned')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(None, {0: 'fail'}, default=Ellipsis), {0: Ellipsis},
+                         msg='default to dict if pruned and default is given')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, {0: {0: 'fail'}}, default=Ellipsis), {0: {0: Ellipsis}},
+                         msg='use nested `default` when nested dict key fails and `default`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, {0: ('dict', Ellipsis)}), {},
+                         msg='remove key if branch in dict key not successful')
+
+        # Testing default parameter behavior
+        _DEFAULT_DATA = {'None': None, 'int': 0, 'list': []}
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_DEFAULT_DATA, 'fail'), None,
+                         msg='default value should be `None`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_DEFAULT_DATA, 'fail', 'fail', default=Ellipsis), Ellipsis,
+                         msg='chained fails should result in default')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_DEFAULT_DATA, 'None', 'int'), 0,
+                         msg='should not short cirquit on `None`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_DEFAULT_DATA, 'fail', default=1), 1,
+                         msg='invalid dict key should result in `default`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_DEFAULT_DATA, 'None', default=1), 1,
+                         msg='`None` is a deliberate sentinel and should become `default`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_DEFAULT_DATA, ('list', 10)), None,
+                         msg='`IndexError` should result in `default`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_DEFAULT_DATA, (Ellipsis, 'fail'), default=1), 1,
+                         msg='if branched but not successful return `default` if defined, not `[]`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_DEFAULT_DATA, (Ellipsis, 'fail'), default=None), None,
+                         msg='if branched but not successful return `default` even if `default` is `None`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_DEFAULT_DATA, (Ellipsis, 'fail')), [],
+                         msg='if branched but not successful return `[]`, not `default`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_DEFAULT_DATA, ('list', Ellipsis)), [],
+                         msg='if branched but object is empty return `[]`, not `default`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(None, Ellipsis), [],
+                         msg='if branched but object is `None` return `[]`, not `default`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj({0: None}, (0, Ellipsis)), [],
+                         msg='if branched but state is `None` return `[]`, not `default`')
+
+        branching_paths = [
+            ('fail', Ellipsis),
+            (Ellipsis, 'fail'),
+            100 * ('fail',) + (Ellipsis,),
+            (Ellipsis,) + 100 * ('fail',),
+        ]
+        for branching_path in branching_paths:
+            self.assertEqual(traverse_obj({}, branching_path), [],
+                             msg='if branched but state is `None`, return `[]` (not `default`)')
+            self.assertEqual(traverse_obj({}, 'fail', branching_path), [],
+                             msg='if branching in last alternative and previous did not match, return `[]` (not `default`)')
+            self.assertEqual(traverse_obj({0: 'x'}, 0, branching_path), 'x',
+                             msg='if branching in last alternative and previous did match, return single value')
+            self.assertEqual(traverse_obj({0: 'x'}, branching_path, 0), 'x',
+                             msg='if branching in first alternative and non-branching path does match, return single value')
+            self.assertEqual(traverse_obj({}, branching_path, 'fail'), None,
+                             msg='if branching in first alternative and non-branching path does not match, return `default`')
+
+        # Testing expected_type behavior
+        _EXPECTED_TYPE_DATA = {'str': 'str', 'int': 0}
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_EXPECTED_TYPE_DATA, 'str', expected_type=str),
+                         'str', msg='accept matching `expected_type` type')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_EXPECTED_TYPE_DATA, 'str', expected_type=int),
+                         None, msg='reject non-matching `expected_type` type')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_EXPECTED_TYPE_DATA, 'int', expected_type=lambda x: str(x)),
+                         '0', msg='transform type using type function')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_EXPECTED_TYPE_DATA, 'str', expected_type=lambda _: 1 / 0),
+                         None, msg='wrap expected_type function in try_call')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_EXPECTED_TYPE_DATA, Ellipsis, expected_type=str),
+                         ['str'], msg='eliminate items that expected_type fails on')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, {0: 100, 1: 1.2}, expected_type=int),
+                         {0: 100}, msg='type as expected_type should filter dict values')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, {0: 100, 1: 1.2, 2: 'None'}, expected_type=str_or_none),
+                         {0: '100', 1: '1.2'}, msg='function as expected_type should transform dict values')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, ({0: 1.2}, 0, set((int_or_none,))), expected_type=int),
+                         1, msg='expected_type should not filter non-final dict values')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, {0: {0: 100, 1: 'str'}}, expected_type=int),
+                         {0: {0: 100}}, msg='expected_type should transform deep dict values')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, [({0: '...'}, {0: '...'})], expected_type=type(Ellipsis)),
+                         [{0: Ellipsis}, {0: Ellipsis}], msg='expected_type should transform branched dict values')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj({1: {3: 4}}, [(1, 2), 3], expected_type=int),
+                         [4], msg='expected_type regression for type matching in tuple branching')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, ['data', Ellipsis], expected_type=int),
+                         [], msg='expected_type regression for type matching in dict result')
+
+        # Test get_all behavior
+        _GET_ALL_DATA = {'key': [0, 1, 2]}
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_GET_ALL_DATA, ('key', Ellipsis), get_all=False), 0,
+                         msg='if not `get_all`, return only first matching value')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_GET_ALL_DATA, Ellipsis, get_all=False), [0, 1, 2],
+                         msg='do not overflatten if not `get_all`')
+
+        # Test casesense behavior
+        _CASESENSE_DATA = {
+            'KeY': 'value0',
+            0: {
+                'KeY': 'value1',
+                0: {'KeY': 'value2'},
+            },
+            # FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K
+            '\uff2bey': 'value3',
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_CASESENSE_DATA, 'key'), None,
+                         msg='dict keys should be case sensitive unless `casesense`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_CASESENSE_DATA, 'keY',
+                                      casesense=False), 'value0',
+                         msg='allow non matching key case if `casesense`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_CASESENSE_DATA, '\uff4bey',  # FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER K
+                                      casesense=False), 'value3',
+                         msg='allow non matching Unicode key case if `casesense`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_CASESENSE_DATA, (0, ('keY',)),
+                                      casesense=False), ['value1'],
+                         msg='allow non matching key case in branch if `casesense`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_CASESENSE_DATA, (0, ((0, 'keY'),)),
+                                      casesense=False), ['value2'],
+                         msg='allow non matching key case in branch path if `casesense`')
+
+        # Test traverse_string behavior
+        _TRAVERSE_STRING_DATA = {'str': 'str', 1.2: 1.2}
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TRAVERSE_STRING_DATA, ('str', 0)), None,
+                         msg='do not traverse into string if not `traverse_string`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TRAVERSE_STRING_DATA, ('str', 0),
+                                      _traverse_string=True), 's',
+                         msg='traverse into string if `traverse_string`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TRAVERSE_STRING_DATA, (1.2, 1),
+                                      _traverse_string=True), '.',
+                         msg='traverse into converted data if `traverse_string`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TRAVERSE_STRING_DATA, ('str', Ellipsis),
+                                      _traverse_string=True), 'str',
+                         msg='`...` should result in string (same value) if `traverse_string`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TRAVERSE_STRING_DATA, ('str', slice(0, None, 2)),
+                                      _traverse_string=True), 'sr',
+                         msg='`slice` should result in string if `traverse_string`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TRAVERSE_STRING_DATA, ('str', lambda i, v: i or v == 's'),
+                                      _traverse_string=True), 'str',
+                         msg='function should result in string if `traverse_string`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TRAVERSE_STRING_DATA, ('str', (0, 2)),
+                                      _traverse_string=True), ['s', 'r'],
+                         msg='branching should result in list if `traverse_string`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj({}, (0, Ellipsis), _traverse_string=True), [],
+                         msg='branching should result in list if `traverse_string`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj({}, (0, lambda x, y: True), _traverse_string=True), [],
+                         msg='branching should result in list if `traverse_string`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj({}, (0, slice(1)), _traverse_string=True), [],
+                         msg='branching should result in list if `traverse_string`')
+
+        # Test re.Match as input obj
+        mobj = re.match(r'^0(12)(?P<group>3)(4)?$', '0123')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(mobj, Ellipsis), [x for x in mobj.groups() if x is not None],
+                         msg='`...` on a `re.Match` should give its `groups()`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(mobj, lambda k, _: k in (0, 2)), ['0123', '3'],
+                         msg='function on a `re.Match` should give groupno, value starting at 0')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(mobj, 'group'), '3',
+                         msg='str key on a `re.Match` should give group with that name')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(mobj, 2), '3',
+                         msg='int key on a `re.Match` should give group with that name')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(mobj, 'gRoUp', casesense=False), '3',
+                         msg='str key on a `re.Match` should respect casesense')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(mobj, 'fail'), None,
+                         msg='failing str key on a `re.Match` should return `default`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(mobj, 'gRoUpS', casesense=False), None,
+                         msg='failing str key on a `re.Match` should return `default`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(mobj, 8), None,
+                         msg='failing int key on a `re.Match` should return `default`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(mobj, lambda k, _: k in (0, 'group')), ['0123', '3'],
+                         msg='function on a `re.Match` should give group name as well')
+
+        # Test xml.etree.ElementTree.Element as input obj
+        etree = compat_etree_fromstring('''<?xml version="1.0"?>
+        <data>
+            <country name="Liechtenstein">
+                <rank>1</rank>
+                <year>2008</year>
+                <gdppc>141100</gdppc>
+                <neighbor name="Austria" direction="E"/>
+                <neighbor name="Switzerland" direction="W"/>
+            </country>
+            <country name="Singapore">
+                <rank>4</rank>
+                <year>2011</year>
+                <gdppc>59900</gdppc>
+                <neighbor name="Malaysia" direction="N"/>
+            </country>
+            <country name="Panama">
+                <rank>68</rank>
+                <year>2011</year>
+                <gdppc>13600</gdppc>
+                <neighbor name="Costa Rica" direction="W"/>
+                <neighbor name="Colombia" direction="E"/>
+            </country>
+        </data>''')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(etree, ''), etree,
+                         msg='empty str key should return the element itself')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(etree, 'country'), list(etree),
+                         msg='str key should return all children with that tag name')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(etree, Ellipsis), list(etree),
+                         msg='`...` as key should return all children')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(etree, lambda _, x: x[0].text == '4'), [etree[1]],
+                         msg='function as key should get element as value')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(etree, lambda i, _: i == 1), [etree[1]],
+                         msg='function as key should get index as key')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(etree, 0), etree[0],
+                         msg='int key should return the nth child')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(etree, './/neighbor/@name'),
+                         ['Austria', 'Switzerland', 'Malaysia', 'Costa Rica', 'Colombia'],
+                         msg='`@<attribute>` at end of path should give that attribute')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(etree, '//neighbor/@fail'), [None, None, None, None, None],
+                         msg='`@<nonexistent>` at end of path should give `None`')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(etree, ('//neighbor/@', 2)), {'name': 'Malaysia', 'direction': 'N'},
+                         msg='`@` should give the full attribute dict')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(etree, '//year/text()'), ['2008', '2011', '2011'],
+                         msg='`text()` at end of path should give the inner text')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(etree, '//*[@direction]/@direction'), ['E', 'W', 'N', 'W', 'E'],
+                         msg='full python xpath features should be supported')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(etree, (0, '@name')), 'Liechtenstein',
+                         msg='special transformations should act on current element')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(etree, ('country', 0, Ellipsis, 'text()', T(int_or_none))), [1, 2008, 141100],
+                         msg='special transformations should act on current element')
+
+    def test_traversal_unbranching(self):
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, [(100, 1.2), all]), [100, 1.2],
+                         msg='`all` should give all results as list')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, [(100, 1.2), any]), 100,
+                         msg='`any` should give the first result')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, [100, all]), [100],
+                         msg='`all` should give list if non branching')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, [100, any]), 100,
+                         msg='`any` should give single item if non branching')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, [('dict', 'None', 100), all]), [100],
+                         msg='`all` should filter `None` and empty dict')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, [('dict', 'None', 100), any]), 100,
+                         msg='`any` should filter `None` and empty dict')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, [{
+            'all': [('dict', 'None', 100, 1.2), all],
+            'any': [('dict', 'None', 100, 1.2), any],
+        }]), {'all': [100, 1.2], 'any': 100},
+            msg='`all`/`any` should apply to each dict path separately')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, [{
+            'all': [('dict', 'None', 100, 1.2), all],
+            'any': [('dict', 'None', 100, 1.2), any],
+        }], get_all=False), {'all': [100, 1.2], 'any': 100},
+            msg='`all`/`any` should apply to dict regardless of `get_all`')
+        self.assertIs(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, [('dict', 'None', 100, 1.2), all, T(float)]), None,
+                      msg='`all` should reset branching status')
+        self.assertIs(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, [('dict', 'None', 100, 1.2), any, T(float)]), None,
+                      msg='`any` should reset branching status')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, [('dict', 'None', 100, 1.2), all, Ellipsis, T(float)]), [1.2],
+                         msg='`all` should allow further branching')
+        self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, [('dict', 'None', 'urls', 'data'), any, Ellipsis, 'index']), [0, 1],
+                         msg='`any` should allow further branching')
+
+    def test_traversal_morsel(self):
+        values = {
+            'expires': 'a',
+            'path': 'b',
+            'comment': 'c',
+            'domain': 'd',
+            'max-age': 'e',
+            'secure': 'f',
+            'httponly': 'g',
+            'version': 'h',
+            'samesite': 'i',
+        }
+        # SameSite added in Py3.8, breaks .update for 3.5-3.7
+        if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
+            del values['samesite']
+        morsel = compat_http_cookies.Morsel()
+        morsel.set(str('item_key'), 'item_value', 'coded_value')
+        morsel.update(values)
+        values['key'] = str('item_key')
+        values['value'] = 'item_value'
+        values = dict((str(k), v) for k, v in values.items())
+        # make test pass even without ordered dict
+        value_set = set(values.values())
+
+        for key, value in values.items():
+            self.assertEqual(traverse_obj(morsel, key), value,
+                             msg='Morsel should provide access to all values')
+        self.assertEqual(set(traverse_obj(morsel, Ellipsis)), value_set,
+                         msg='`...` should yield all values')
+        self.assertEqual(set(traverse_obj(morsel, lambda k, v: True)), value_set,
+                         msg='function key should yield all values')
+        self.assertIs(traverse_obj(morsel, [(None,), any]), morsel,
+                      msg='Morsel should not be implicitly changed to dict on usage')
+
+    def test_get_first(self):
+        self.assertEqual(get_first([{'a': None}, {'a': 'spam'}], 'a'), 'spam')
+
+    def test_dict_get(self):
+        FALSE_VALUES = {
+            'none': None,
+            'false': False,
+            'zero': 0,
+            'empty_string': '',
+            'empty_list': [],
+        }
+        d = FALSE_VALUES.copy()
+        d['a'] = 42
+        self.assertEqual(dict_get(d, 'a'), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(dict_get(d, 'b'), None)
+        self.assertEqual(dict_get(d, 'b', 42), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(dict_get(d, ('a', )), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(dict_get(d, ('b', 'a', )), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(dict_get(d, ('b', 'c', 'a', 'd', )), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(dict_get(d, ('b', 'c', )), None)
+        self.assertEqual(dict_get(d, ('b', 'c', ), 42), 42)
+        for key, false_value in FALSE_VALUES.items():
+            self.assertEqual(dict_get(d, ('b', 'c', key, )), None)
+            self.assertEqual(dict_get(d, ('b', 'c', key, ), skip_false_values=False), false_value)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
--- a/test/test_unicode_literals.py
+++ b/test/test_unicode_literals.py
@ -2,19 +2,21 @@ from __future__ import unicode_literals

 # Allow direct execution
 import os
+import re
 import sys
 import unittest
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))

-import io
-import re
+dirn = os.path.dirname

-rootDir = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+rootDir = dirn(dirn(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+
+sys.path.insert(0, rootDir)

 IGNORED_FILES = [
    'setup.py',  # http://bugs.python.org/issue13943
    'conf.py',
    'buildserver.py',
+    'get-pip.py',
 ]

 IGNORED_DIRS = [
@ -23,6 +25,7 @@ IGNORED_DIRS = [
 ]

 from test.helper import assertRegexpMatches
+from youtube_dl.compat import compat_open as open


 class TestUnicodeLiterals(unittest.TestCase):
@ -40,7 +43,7 @@ class TestUnicodeLiterals(unittest.TestCase):
                    continue

                fn = os.path.join(dirpath, basename)
-                with io.open(fn, encoding='utf-8') as inf:
+                with open(fn, encoding='utf-8') as inf:
                    code = inf.read()

                if "'" not in code and '"' not in code:
--- a/test/test_utils.py
+++ b/test/test_utils.py
@ -12,13 +12,16 @@ sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))

 # Various small unit tests
 import io
+import itertools
 import json
+import types
 import xml.etree.ElementTree

 from youtube_dl.utils import (
+    _UnsafeExtensionError,
    age_restricted,
    args_to_str,
-    encode_base_n,
+    base_url,
    caesar,
    clean_html,
    clean_podcast_url,
@ -26,11 +29,12 @@ from youtube_dl.utils import (
    DateRange,
    detect_exe_version,
    determine_ext,
-    dict_get,
+    encode_base_n,
    encode_compat_str,
    encodeFilename,
    escape_rfc3986,
    escape_url,
+    expand_path,
    extract_attributes,
    ExtractorError,
    find_xpath_attr,
@ -44,8 +48,11 @@ from youtube_dl.utils import (
    int_or_none,
    intlist_to_bytes,
    is_html,
+    join_nonempty,
    js_to_json,
+    LazyList,
    limit_length,
+    lowercase_escape,
    merge_dicts,
    mimetype2ext,
    month_by_name,
@ -54,24 +61,26 @@ from youtube_dl.utils import (
    OnDemandPagedList,
    orderedSet,
    parse_age_limit,
+    parse_bitrate,
    parse_duration,
    parse_filesize,
+    parse_codecs,
    parse_count,
    parse_iso8601,
    parse_resolution,
-    parse_bitrate,
+    parse_qs,
    pkcs1pad,
-    read_batch_urls,
-    sanitize_filename,
-    sanitize_path,
-    sanitize_url,
-    expand_path,
    prepend_extension,
-    replace_extension,
+    read_batch_urls,
    remove_start,
    remove_end,
    remove_quotes,
+    replace_extension,
    rot47,
+    sanitize_filename,
+    sanitize_path,
+    sanitize_url,
+    sanitized_Request,
    shell_quote,
    smuggle_url,
    str_to_int,
@ -79,19 +88,19 @@ from youtube_dl.utils import (
    strip_or_none,
    subtitles_filename,
    timeconvert,
+    try_call,
    unescapeHTML,
    unified_strdate,
    unified_timestamp,
    unsmuggle_url,
    uppercase_escape,
-    lowercase_escape,
    url_basename,
    url_or_none,
-    base_url,
    urljoin,
    urlencode_postdata,
    urshift,
    update_url_query,
+    variadic,
    version_tuple,
    xpath_with_ns,
    xpath_element,
@ -104,7 +113,7 @@ from youtube_dl.utils import (
    cli_option,
    cli_valueless_option,
    cli_bool_option,
-    parse_codecs,
+    YoutubeDLHandler,
 )
 from youtube_dl.compat import (
    compat_chr,
@ -112,12 +121,13 @@ from youtube_dl.compat import (
    compat_getenv,
    compat_os_name,
    compat_setenv,
+    compat_str,
    compat_urlparse,
-    compat_parse_qs,
 )


 class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
+
    def test_timeconvert(self):
        self.assertTrue(timeconvert('') is None)
        self.assertTrue(timeconvert('bougrg') is None)
@ -236,6 +246,19 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
        self.assertEqual(sanitize_url('httpss://foo.bar'), 'https://foo.bar')
        self.assertEqual(sanitize_url('rmtps://foo.bar'), 'rtmps://foo.bar')
        self.assertEqual(sanitize_url('https://foo.bar'), 'https://foo.bar')
+        self.assertEqual(sanitize_url('foo bar'), 'foo bar')
+
+    def test_sanitized_Request(self):
+        self.assertFalse(sanitized_Request('http://foo.bar').has_header('Authorization'))
+        self.assertFalse(sanitized_Request('http://:foo.bar').has_header('Authorization'))
+        self.assertEqual(sanitized_Request('http://@foo.bar').get_header('Authorization'),
+                         'Basic Og==')
+        self.assertEqual(sanitized_Request('http://:pass@foo.bar').get_header('Authorization'),
+                         'Basic OnBhc3M=')
+        self.assertEqual(sanitized_Request('http://user:@foo.bar').get_header('Authorization'),
+                         'Basic dXNlcjo=')
+        self.assertEqual(sanitized_Request('http://user:pass@foo.bar').get_header('Authorization'),
+                         'Basic dXNlcjpwYXNz')

    def test_expand_path(self):
        def env(var):
@ -249,6 +272,27 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
            expand_path('~/%s' % env('YOUTUBE_DL_EXPATH_PATH')),
            '%s/expanded' % compat_getenv('HOME'))

+    _uncommon_extensions = [
+        ('exe', 'abc.exe.ext'),
+        ('de', 'abc.de.ext'),
+        ('../.mp4', None),
+        ('..\\.mp4', None),
+    ]
+
+    def assertUnsafeExtension(self, ext=None):
+        assert_raises = self.assertRaises(_UnsafeExtensionError)
+        assert_raises.ext = ext
+        orig_exit = assert_raises.__exit__
+
+        def my_exit(self_, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+            did_raise = orig_exit(exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb)
+            if did_raise and assert_raises.ext is not None:
+                self.assertEqual(assert_raises.ext, assert_raises.exception.extension, 'Unsafe extension  not as unexpected')
+            return did_raise
+
+        assert_raises.__exit__ = types.MethodType(my_exit, assert_raises)
+        return assert_raises
+
    def test_prepend_extension(self):
        self.assertEqual(prepend_extension('abc.ext', 'temp'), 'abc.temp.ext')
        self.assertEqual(prepend_extension('abc.ext', 'temp', 'ext'), 'abc.temp.ext')
@ -257,6 +301,19 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
        self.assertEqual(prepend_extension('.abc', 'temp'), '.abc.temp')
        self.assertEqual(prepend_extension('.abc.ext', 'temp'), '.abc.temp.ext')

+        # Test uncommon extensions
+        self.assertEqual(prepend_extension('abc.ext', 'bin'), 'abc.bin.ext')
+        for ext, result in self._uncommon_extensions:
+            with self.assertUnsafeExtension(ext):
+                prepend_extension('abc', ext)
+            if result:
+                self.assertEqual(prepend_extension('abc.ext', ext, 'ext'), result)
+            else:
+                with self.assertUnsafeExtension(ext):
+                    prepend_extension('abc.ext', ext, 'ext')
+            with self.assertUnsafeExtension(ext):
+                prepend_extension('abc.unexpected_ext', ext, 'ext')
+
    def test_replace_extension(self):
        self.assertEqual(replace_extension('abc.ext', 'temp'), 'abc.temp')
        self.assertEqual(replace_extension('abc.ext', 'temp', 'ext'), 'abc.temp')
@ -265,6 +322,16 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
        self.assertEqual(replace_extension('.abc', 'temp'), '.abc.temp')
        self.assertEqual(replace_extension('.abc.ext', 'temp'), '.abc.temp')

+        # Test uncommon extensions
+        self.assertEqual(replace_extension('abc.ext', 'bin'), 'abc.unknown_video')
+        for ext, _ in self._uncommon_extensions:
+            with self.assertUnsafeExtension(ext):
+                replace_extension('abc', ext)
+            with self.assertUnsafeExtension(ext):
+                replace_extension('abc.ext', ext, 'ext')
+            with self.assertUnsafeExtension(ext):
+                replace_extension('abc.unexpected_ext', ext, 'ext')
+
    def test_subtitles_filename(self):
        self.assertEqual(subtitles_filename('abc.ext', 'en', 'vtt'), 'abc.en.vtt')
        self.assertEqual(subtitles_filename('abc.ext', 'en', 'vtt', 'ext'), 'abc.en.vtt')
@ -370,6 +437,9 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
        self.assertEqual(unified_timestamp('Sep 11, 2013 | 5:49 AM'), 1378878540)
        self.assertEqual(unified_timestamp('December 15, 2017 at 7:49 am'), 1513324140)
        self.assertEqual(unified_timestamp('2018-03-14T08:32:43.1493874+00:00'), 1521016363)
+        self.assertEqual(unified_timestamp('December 31 1969 20:00:01 EDT'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(unified_timestamp('Wednesday 31 December 1969 18:01:26 MDT'), 86)
+        self.assertEqual(unified_timestamp('12/31/1969 20:01:18 EDT', False), 78)

    def test_determine_ext(self):
        self.assertEqual(determine_ext('http://example.com/foo/bar.mp4/?download'), 'mp4')
@ -491,11 +561,14 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
        self.assertEqual(float_or_none(set()), None)

    def test_int_or_none(self):
+        self.assertEqual(int_or_none(42), 42)
        self.assertEqual(int_or_none('42'), 42)
        self.assertEqual(int_or_none(''), None)
        self.assertEqual(int_or_none(None), None)
        self.assertEqual(int_or_none([]), None)
        self.assertEqual(int_or_none(set()), None)
+        self.assertEqual(int_or_none('42', base=8), 34)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, int_or_none(42, base=8))

    def test_str_to_int(self):
        self.assertEqual(str_to_int('123,456'), 123456)
@ -662,38 +735,36 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(data, bytes))

    def test_update_url_query(self):
-        def query_dict(url):
-            return compat_parse_qs(compat_urlparse.urlparse(url).query)
-        self.assertEqual(query_dict(update_url_query(
+        self.assertEqual(parse_qs(update_url_query(
            'http://example.com/path', {'quality': ['HD'], 'format': ['mp4']})),
-            query_dict('http://example.com/path?quality=HD&format=mp4'))
-        self.assertEqual(query_dict(update_url_query(
+            parse_qs('http://example.com/path?quality=HD&format=mp4'))
+        self.assertEqual(parse_qs(update_url_query(
            'http://example.com/path', {'system': ['LINUX', 'WINDOWS']})),
-            query_dict('http://example.com/path?system=LINUX&system=WINDOWS'))
-        self.assertEqual(query_dict(update_url_query(
+            parse_qs('http://example.com/path?system=LINUX&system=WINDOWS'))
+        self.assertEqual(parse_qs(update_url_query(
            'http://example.com/path', {'fields': 'id,formats,subtitles'})),
-            query_dict('http://example.com/path?fields=id,formats,subtitles'))
-        self.assertEqual(query_dict(update_url_query(
+            parse_qs('http://example.com/path?fields=id,formats,subtitles'))
+        self.assertEqual(parse_qs(update_url_query(
            'http://example.com/path', {'fields': ('id,formats,subtitles', 'thumbnails')})),
-            query_dict('http://example.com/path?fields=id,formats,subtitles&fields=thumbnails'))
-        self.assertEqual(query_dict(update_url_query(
+            parse_qs('http://example.com/path?fields=id,formats,subtitles&fields=thumbnails'))
+        self.assertEqual(parse_qs(update_url_query(
            'http://example.com/path?manifest=f4m', {'manifest': []})),
-            query_dict('http://example.com/path'))
-        self.assertEqual(query_dict(update_url_query(
+            parse_qs('http://example.com/path'))
+        self.assertEqual(parse_qs(update_url_query(
            'http://example.com/path?system=LINUX&system=WINDOWS', {'system': 'LINUX'})),
-            query_dict('http://example.com/path?system=LINUX'))
-        self.assertEqual(query_dict(update_url_query(
+            parse_qs('http://example.com/path?system=LINUX'))
+        self.assertEqual(parse_qs(update_url_query(
            'http://example.com/path', {'fields': b'id,formats,subtitles'})),
-            query_dict('http://example.com/path?fields=id,formats,subtitles'))
-        self.assertEqual(query_dict(update_url_query(
+            parse_qs('http://example.com/path?fields=id,formats,subtitles'))
+        self.assertEqual(parse_qs(update_url_query(
            'http://example.com/path', {'width': 1080, 'height': 720})),
-            query_dict('http://example.com/path?width=1080&height=720'))
-        self.assertEqual(query_dict(update_url_query(
+            parse_qs('http://example.com/path?width=1080&height=720'))
+        self.assertEqual(parse_qs(update_url_query(
            'http://example.com/path', {'bitrate': 5020.43})),
-            query_dict('http://example.com/path?bitrate=5020.43'))
-        self.assertEqual(query_dict(update_url_query(
+            parse_qs('http://example.com/path?bitrate=5020.43'))
+        self.assertEqual(parse_qs(update_url_query(
            'http://example.com/path', {'test': '第二行тест'})),
-            query_dict('http://example.com/path?test=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%A1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82'))
+            parse_qs('http://example.com/path?test=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%A1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82'))

    def test_multipart_encode(self):
        self.assertEqual(
@ -705,28 +776,6 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
        self.assertRaises(
            ValueError, multipart_encode, {b'field': b'value'}, boundary='value')

-    def test_dict_get(self):
-        FALSE_VALUES = {
-            'none': None,
-            'false': False,
-            'zero': 0,
-            'empty_string': '',
-            'empty_list': [],
-        }
-        d = FALSE_VALUES.copy()
-        d['a'] = 42
-        self.assertEqual(dict_get(d, 'a'), 42)
-        self.assertEqual(dict_get(d, 'b'), None)
-        self.assertEqual(dict_get(d, 'b', 42), 42)
-        self.assertEqual(dict_get(d, ('a', )), 42)
-        self.assertEqual(dict_get(d, ('b', 'a', )), 42)
-        self.assertEqual(dict_get(d, ('b', 'c', 'a', 'd', )), 42)
-        self.assertEqual(dict_get(d, ('b', 'c', )), None)
-        self.assertEqual(dict_get(d, ('b', 'c', ), 42), 42)
-        for key, false_value in FALSE_VALUES.items():
-            self.assertEqual(dict_get(d, ('b', 'c', key, )), None)
-            self.assertEqual(dict_get(d, ('b', 'c', key, ), skip_false_values=False), false_value)
-
    def test_merge_dicts(self):
        self.assertEqual(merge_dicts({'a': 1}, {'b': 2}), {'a': 1, 'b': 2})
        self.assertEqual(merge_dicts({'a': 1}, {'a': 2}), {'a': 1})
@ -885,6 +934,111 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
        )
        self.assertEqual(escape_url('http://vimeo.com/56015672#at=0'), 'http://vimeo.com/56015672#at=0')

+    def test_remove_dot_segments(self):
+
+        def remove_dot_segments(p):
+            q = '' if p.startswith('/') else '/'
+            p = 'http://example.com' + q + p
+            p = compat_urlparse.urlsplit(YoutubeDLHandler._fix_path(p)).path
+            return p[1:] if q else p
+
+        self.assertEqual(remove_dot_segments('/a/b/c/./../../g'), '/a/g')
+        self.assertEqual(remove_dot_segments('mid/content=5/../6'), 'mid/6')
+        self.assertEqual(remove_dot_segments('/ad/../cd'), '/cd')
+        self.assertEqual(remove_dot_segments('/ad/../cd/'), '/cd/')
+        self.assertEqual(remove_dot_segments('/..'), '/')
+        self.assertEqual(remove_dot_segments('/./'), '/')
+        self.assertEqual(remove_dot_segments('/./a'), '/a')
+        self.assertEqual(remove_dot_segments('/abc/./.././d/././e/.././f/./../../ghi'), '/ghi')
+        self.assertEqual(remove_dot_segments('/'), '/')
+        self.assertEqual(remove_dot_segments('/t'), '/t')
+        self.assertEqual(remove_dot_segments('t'), 't')
+        self.assertEqual(remove_dot_segments(''), '')
+        self.assertEqual(remove_dot_segments('/../a/b/c'), '/a/b/c')
+        self.assertEqual(remove_dot_segments('../a'), 'a')
+        self.assertEqual(remove_dot_segments('./a'), 'a')
+        self.assertEqual(remove_dot_segments('.'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(remove_dot_segments('////'), '////')
+
+    def test_js_to_json_vars_strings(self):
+        self.assertDictEqual(
+            json.loads(js_to_json(
+                '''{
+                    'null': a,
+                    'nullStr': b,
+                    'true': c,
+                    'trueStr': d,
+                    'false': e,
+                    'falseStr': f,
+                    'unresolvedVar': g,
+                }''',
+                {
+                    'a': 'null',
+                    'b': '"null"',
+                    'c': 'true',
+                    'd': '"true"',
+                    'e': 'false',
+                    'f': '"false"',
+                    'g': 'var',
+                }
+            )),
+            {
+                'null': None,
+                'nullStr': 'null',
+                'true': True,
+                'trueStr': 'true',
+                'false': False,
+                'falseStr': 'false',
+                'unresolvedVar': 'var'
+            }
+        )
+
+        self.assertDictEqual(
+            json.loads(js_to_json(
+                '''{
+                    'int': a,
+                    'intStr': b,
+                    'float': c,
+                    'floatStr': d,
+                }''',
+                {
+                    'a': '123',
+                    'b': '"123"',
+                    'c': '1.23',
+                    'd': '"1.23"',
+                }
+            )),
+            {
+                'int': 123,
+                'intStr': '123',
+                'float': 1.23,
+                'floatStr': '1.23',
+            }
+        )
+
+        self.assertDictEqual(
+            json.loads(js_to_json(
+                '''{
+                    'object': a,
+                    'objectStr': b,
+                    'array': c,
+                    'arrayStr': d,
+                }''',
+                {
+                    'a': '{}',
+                    'b': '"{}"',
+                    'c': '[]',
+                    'd': '"[]"',
+                }
+            )),
+            {
+                'object': {},
+                'objectStr': '{}',
+                'array': [],
+                'arrayStr': '[]',
+            }
+        )
+
    def test_js_to_json_realworld(self):
        inp = '''{
            'clip':{'provider':'pseudo'}
@ -955,10 +1109,10 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
            !42: 42
        }''')
        self.assertEqual(json.loads(on), {
-            'a': 0,
-            'b': 1,
-            'c': 0,
-            'd': 42.42,
+            'a': True,
+            'b': False,
+            'c': False,
+            'd': True,
            'e': [],
            'f': "abc",
            'g': "",
@ -1028,10 +1182,26 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
        on = js_to_json('{ "040": "040" }')
        self.assertEqual(json.loads(on), {'040': '040'})

+        on = js_to_json('[1,//{},\n2]')
+        self.assertEqual(json.loads(on), [1, 2])
+
+        on = js_to_json(r'"\^\$\#"')
+        self.assertEqual(json.loads(on), R'^$#', msg='Unnecessary escapes should be stripped')
+
+        on = js_to_json('\'"\\""\'')
+        self.assertEqual(json.loads(on), '"""', msg='Unnecessary quote escape should be escaped')
+
    def test_js_to_json_malformed(self):
        self.assertEqual(js_to_json('42a1'), '42"a1"')
        self.assertEqual(js_to_json('42a-1'), '42"a"-1')

+    def test_js_to_json_template_literal(self):
+        self.assertEqual(js_to_json('`Hello ${name}`', {'name': '"world"'}), '"Hello world"')
+        self.assertEqual(js_to_json('`${name}${name}`', {'name': '"X"'}), '"XX"')
+        self.assertEqual(js_to_json('`${name}${name}`', {'name': '5'}), '"55"')
+        self.assertEqual(js_to_json('`${name}"${name}"`', {'name': '5'}), '"5\\"5\\""')
+        self.assertEqual(js_to_json('`${name}`', {}), '"name"')
+
    def test_extract_attributes(self):
        self.assertEqual(extract_attributes('<e x="y">'), {'x': 'y'})
        self.assertEqual(extract_attributes("<e x='y'>"), {'x': 'y'})
@ -1475,6 +1645,84 @@ Line 1
        self.assertEqual(clean_podcast_url('https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/chtbl.com/track/5899E/traffic.megaphone.fm/HSW7835899191.mp3'), 'https://traffic.megaphone.fm/HSW7835899191.mp3')
        self.assertEqual(clean_podcast_url('https://play.podtrac.com/npr-344098539/edge1.pod.npr.org/anon.npr-podcasts/podcast/npr/waitwait/2020/10/20201003_waitwait_wwdtmpodcast201003-015621a5-f035-4eca-a9a1-7c118d90bc3c.mp3'), 'https://edge1.pod.npr.org/anon.npr-podcasts/podcast/npr/waitwait/2020/10/20201003_waitwait_wwdtmpodcast201003-015621a5-f035-4eca-a9a1-7c118d90bc3c.mp3')

+    def test_LazyList(self):
+        it = list(range(10))
+
+        self.assertEqual(list(LazyList(it)), it)
+        self.assertEqual(LazyList(it).exhaust(), it)
+        self.assertEqual(LazyList(it)[5], it[5])
+
+        self.assertEqual(LazyList(it)[5:], it[5:])
+        self.assertEqual(LazyList(it)[:5], it[:5])
+        self.assertEqual(LazyList(it)[::2], it[::2])
+        self.assertEqual(LazyList(it)[1::2], it[1::2])
+        self.assertEqual(LazyList(it)[5::-1], it[5::-1])
+        self.assertEqual(LazyList(it)[6:2:-2], it[6:2:-2])
+        self.assertEqual(LazyList(it)[::-1], it[::-1])
+
+        self.assertTrue(LazyList(it))
+        self.assertFalse(LazyList(range(0)))
+        self.assertEqual(len(LazyList(it)), len(it))
+        self.assertEqual(repr(LazyList(it)), repr(it))
+        self.assertEqual(compat_str(LazyList(it)), compat_str(it))
+
+        self.assertEqual(list(LazyList(it, reverse=True)), it[::-1])
+        self.assertEqual(list(reversed(LazyList(it))[::-1]), it)
+        self.assertEqual(list(reversed(LazyList(it))[1:3:7]), it[::-1][1:3:7])
+
+    def test_LazyList_laziness(self):
+
+        def test(ll, idx, val, cache):
+            self.assertEqual(ll[idx], val)
+            self.assertEqual(ll._cache, list(cache))
+
+        ll = LazyList(range(10))
+        test(ll, 0, 0, range(1))
+        test(ll, 5, 5, range(6))
+        test(ll, -3, 7, range(10))
+
+        ll = LazyList(range(10), reverse=True)
+        test(ll, -1, 0, range(1))
+        test(ll, 3, 6, range(10))
+
+        ll = LazyList(itertools.count())
+        test(ll, 10, 10, range(11))
+        ll = reversed(ll)
+        test(ll, -15, 14, range(15))
+
+    def test_try_call(self):
+        def total(*x, **kwargs):
+            return sum(x) + sum(kwargs.values())
+
+        self.assertEqual(try_call(None), None,
+                         msg='not a fn should give None')
+        self.assertEqual(try_call(lambda: 1), 1,
+                         msg='int fn with no expected_type should give int')
+        self.assertEqual(try_call(lambda: 1, expected_type=int), 1,
+                         msg='int fn with expected_type int should give int')
+        self.assertEqual(try_call(lambda: 1, expected_type=dict), None,
+                         msg='int fn with wrong expected_type should give None')
+        self.assertEqual(try_call(total, args=(0, 1, 0, ), expected_type=int), 1,
+                         msg='fn should accept arglist')
+        self.assertEqual(try_call(total, kwargs={'a': 0, 'b': 1, 'c': 0}, expected_type=int), 1,
+                         msg='fn should accept kwargs')
+        self.assertEqual(try_call(lambda: 1, expected_type=dict), None,
+                         msg='int fn with no expected_type should give None')
+        self.assertEqual(try_call(lambda x: {}, total, args=(42, ), expected_type=int), 42,
+                         msg='expect first int result with expected_type int')
+
+    def test_variadic(self):
+        self.assertEqual(variadic(None), (None, ))
+        self.assertEqual(variadic('spam'), ('spam', ))
+        self.assertEqual(variadic('spam', allowed_types=dict), 'spam')
+        self.assertEqual(variadic('spam', allowed_types=[dict]), 'spam')
+
+    def test_join_nonempty(self):
+        self.assertEqual(join_nonempty('a', 'b'), 'a-b')
+        self.assertEqual(join_nonempty(
+            'a', 'b', 'c', 'd',
+            from_dict={'a': 'c', 'c': [], 'b': 'd', 'd': None}), 'c-d')
+

 if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()
--- a/test/test_write_annotations.py
+++ b/test/test_write_annotations.py
@ -11,12 +11,11 @@ sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 from test.helper import get_params, try_rm


-import io
-
 import xml.etree.ElementTree

 import youtube_dl.YoutubeDL
 import youtube_dl.extractor
+from youtube_dl.compat import compat_open as open


 class YoutubeDL(youtube_dl.YoutubeDL):
@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ class TestAnnotations(unittest.TestCase):
        ydl.download([TEST_ID])
        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(ANNOTATIONS_FILE))
        annoxml = None
-        with io.open(ANNOTATIONS_FILE, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as annof:
+        with open(ANNOTATIONS_FILE, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as annof:
            annoxml = xml.etree.ElementTree.parse(annof)
        self.assertTrue(annoxml is not None, 'Failed to parse annotations XML')
        root = annoxml.getroot()
--- a/test/test_youtube_signature.py
+++ b/test/test_youtube_signature.py
@ -8,14 +8,18 @@ import sys
 import unittest
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))

-import io
 import re
 import string

+from youtube_dl.compat import (
+    compat_open as open,
+    compat_str,
+    compat_urlretrieve,
+)
+
 from test.helper import FakeYDL
 from youtube_dl.extractor import YoutubeIE
 from youtube_dl.jsinterp import JSInterpreter
-from youtube_dl.compat import compat_str, compat_urlretrieve

 _SIG_TESTS = [
    (
@ -66,6 +70,10 @@ _SIG_TESTS = [
 ]

 _NSIG_TESTS = [
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/7862ca1f/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'X_LCxVDjAavgE5t', 'yxJ1dM6iz5ogUg',
+    ),
    (
        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/9216d1f7/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
        'SLp9F5bwjAdhE9F-', 'gWnb9IK2DJ8Q1w',
@ -90,12 +98,97 @@ _NSIG_TESTS = [
        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/e06dea74/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
        'AiuodmaDDYw8d3y4bf', 'ankd8eza2T6Qmw',
    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/5dd88d1d/player-plasma-ias-phone-en_US.vflset/base.js',
+        'kSxKFLeqzv_ZyHSAt', 'n8gS8oRlHOxPFA',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/324f67b9/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'xdftNy7dh9QGnhW', '22qLGxrmX8F1rA',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/4c3f79c5/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'TDCstCG66tEAO5pR9o', 'dbxNtZ14c-yWyw',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/c81bbb4a/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'gre3EcLurNY2vqp94', 'Z9DfGxWP115WTg',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/1f7d5369/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'batNX7sYqIJdkJ', 'IhOkL_zxbkOZBw',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/009f1d77/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        '5dwFHw8aFWQUQtffRq', 'audescmLUzI3jw',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/dc0c6770/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        '5EHDMgYLV6HPGk_Mu-kk', 'n9lUJLHbxUI0GQ',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/c2199353/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        '5EHDMgYLV6HPGk_Mu-kk', 'AD5rgS85EkrE7',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/113ca41c/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'cgYl-tlYkhjT7A', 'hI7BBr2zUgcmMg',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/c57c113c/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        '-Txvy6bT5R6LqgnQNx', 'dcklJCnRUHbgSg',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/5a3b6271/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'B2j7f_UPT4rfje85Lu_e', 'm5DmNymaGQ5RdQ',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/dac945fd/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'o8BkRxXhuYsBCWi6RplPdP', '3Lx32v_hmzTm6A',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/6f20102c/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'lE8DhoDmKqnmJJ', 'pJTTX6XyJP2BYw',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/cfa9e7cb/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'qO0NiMtYQ7TeJnfFG2', 'k9cuJDHNS5O7kQ',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/b7910ca8/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        '_hXMCwMt9qE310D', 'LoZMgkkofRMCZQ',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/590f65a6/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        '1tm7-g_A9zsI8_Lay_', 'xI4Vem4Put_rOg',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/b22ef6e7/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'b6HcntHGkvBLk_FRf', 'kNPW6A7FyP2l8A',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/3400486c/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'lL46g3XifCKUZn1Xfw', 'z767lhet6V2Skl',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/5604538d/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        '7X-he4jjvMx7BCX', 'sViSydX8IHtdWA',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/20dfca59/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        '-fLCxedkAk4LUTK2', 'O8kfRq1y1eyHGw',
+    ),
+    (
+        'https://www.youtube.com/s/player/b12cc44b/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js',
+        'keLa5R2U00sR9SQK', 'N1OGyujjEwMnLw',
+    ),
 ]


 class TestPlayerInfo(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_youtube_extract_player_info(self):
        PLAYER_URLS = (
+            ('https://www.youtube.com/s/player/4c3f79c5/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js', '4c3f79c5'),
            ('https://www.youtube.com/s/player/64dddad9/player_ias.vflset/en_US/base.js', '64dddad9'),
            ('https://www.youtube.com/s/player/64dddad9/player_ias.vflset/fr_FR/base.js', '64dddad9'),
            ('https://www.youtube.com/s/player/64dddad9/player-plasma-ias-phone-en_US.vflset/base.js', '64dddad9'),
@ -142,7 +235,7 @@ def t_factory(name, sig_func, url_pattern):

            if not os.path.exists(fn):
                compat_urlretrieve(url, fn)
-            with io.open(fn, encoding='utf-8') as testf:
+            with open(fn, encoding='utf-8') as testf:
                jscode = testf.read()
            self.assertEqual(sig_func(jscode, sig_input), expected_sig)

--- a/test/testdata/mpd/range_only.mpd
+++ b/test/testdata/mpd/range_only.mpd
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<!-- MPD file Generated with GPAC version 1.0.1-revrelease at 2021-11-27T20:53:11.690Z -->
+<MPD xmlns="urn:mpeg:dash:schema:mpd:2011" minBufferTime="PT1.500S" type="static" mediaPresentationDuration="PT0H0M30.196S" maxSegmentDuration="PT0H0M10.027S" profiles="urn:mpeg:dash:profile:full:2011">
+ <ProgramInformation moreInformationURL="http://gpac.io">
+  <Title>manifest.mpd generated by GPAC</Title>
+ </ProgramInformation>
+
+ <Period duration="PT0H0M30.196S">
+  <AdaptationSet segmentAlignment="true" maxWidth="768" maxHeight="432" maxFrameRate="30000/1001" par="16:9" lang="und" startWithSAP="1">
+   <Representation id="1" mimeType="video/mp4" codecs="avc1.4D401E" width="768" height="432" frameRate="30000/1001" sar="1:1" bandwidth="526987">
+    <BaseURL>video_dashinit.mp4</BaseURL>
+    <SegmentList timescale="90000" duration="900000">
+     <Initialization range="0-881"/>
+     <SegmentURL mediaRange="882-876094" indexRange="882-925"/>
+     <SegmentURL mediaRange="876095-1466732" indexRange="876095-876138"/>
+     <SegmentURL mediaRange="1466733-1953615" indexRange="1466733-1466776"/>
+     <SegmentURL mediaRange="1953616-1994211" indexRange="1953616-1953659"/>
+    </SegmentList>
+   </Representation>
+  </AdaptationSet>
+  <AdaptationSet segmentAlignment="true" lang="und" startWithSAP="1">
+   <Representation id="2" mimeType="audio/mp4" codecs="mp4a.40.2" audioSamplingRate="48000" bandwidth="98096">
+    <AudioChannelConfiguration schemeIdUri="urn:mpeg:dash:23003:3:audio_channel_configuration:2011" value="2"/>
+    <BaseURL>audio_dashinit.mp4</BaseURL>
+    <SegmentList timescale="48000" duration="480000">
+     <Initialization range="0-752"/>
+     <SegmentURL mediaRange="753-124129" indexRange="753-796"/>
+     <SegmentURL mediaRange="124130-250544" indexRange="124130-124173"/>
+     <SegmentURL mediaRange="250545-374929" indexRange="250545-250588"/>
+    </SegmentList>
+   </Representation>
+  </AdaptationSet>
+ </Period>
+</MPD>
+
--- a/test/testdata/mpd/subtitles.mpd
+++ b/test/testdata/mpd/subtitles.mpd
@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Created with Unified Streaming Platform (version=1.10.18-20255) -->
+<MPD
+  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+  xmlns="urn:mpeg:dash:schema:mpd:2011"
+  xsi:schemaLocation="urn:mpeg:dash:schema:mpd:2011 http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/MPEG-DASH_schema_files/DASH-MPD.xsd"
+  type="static"
+  mediaPresentationDuration="PT14M48S"
+  maxSegmentDuration="PT1M"
+  minBufferTime="PT10S"
+  profiles="urn:mpeg:dash:profile:isoff-live:2011">
+  <Period
+    id="1"
+    duration="PT14M48S">
+    <BaseURL>dash/</BaseURL>
+    <AdaptationSet
+      id="1"
+      group="1"
+      contentType="audio"
+      segmentAlignment="true"
+      audioSamplingRate="48000"
+      mimeType="audio/mp4"
+      codecs="mp4a.40.2"
+      startWithSAP="1">
+      <AudioChannelConfiguration
+        schemeIdUri="urn:mpeg:dash:23003:3:audio_channel_configuration:2011"
+        value="2" />
+      <Role schemeIdUri="urn:mpeg:dash:role:2011" value="main" />
+      <SegmentTemplate
+        timescale="48000"
+        initialization="3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd-$RepresentationID$.dash"
+        media="3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd-$RepresentationID$-$Time$.dash">
+        <SegmentTimeline>
+          <S t="0" d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="96256" r="2" />
+          <S d="95232" />
+          <S d="3584" />
+        </SegmentTimeline>
+      </SegmentTemplate>
+      <Representation
+        id="audio=128001"
+        bandwidth="128001">
+      </Representation>
+    </AdaptationSet>
+    <AdaptationSet
+      id="2"
+      group="3"
+      contentType="text"
+      lang="en"
+      mimeType="application/mp4"
+      codecs="stpp"
+      startWithSAP="1">
+      <Role schemeIdUri="urn:mpeg:dash:role:2011" value="subtitle" />
+      <SegmentTemplate
+        timescale="1000"
+        initialization="3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd-$RepresentationID$.dash"
+        media="3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd-$RepresentationID$-$Time$.dash">
+        <SegmentTimeline>
+          <S t="0" d="60000" r="9" />
+          <S d="24000" />
+        </SegmentTimeline>
+      </SegmentTemplate>
+      <Representation
+        id="textstream_eng=1000"
+        bandwidth="1000">
+      </Representation>
+    </AdaptationSet>
+    <AdaptationSet
+      id="3"
+      group="2"
+      contentType="video"
+      par="960:409"
+      minBandwidth="100000"
+      maxBandwidth="4482000"
+      maxWidth="1689"
+      maxHeight="720"
+      segmentAlignment="true"
+      mimeType="video/mp4"
+      codecs="avc1.4D401F"
+      startWithSAP="1">
+      <Role schemeIdUri="urn:mpeg:dash:role:2011" value="main" />
+      <SegmentTemplate
+        timescale="12288"
+        initialization="3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd-$RepresentationID$.dash"
+        media="3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd-$RepresentationID$-$Time$.dash">
+        <SegmentTimeline>
+          <S t="0" d="24576" r="443" />
+        </SegmentTimeline>
+      </SegmentTemplate>
+      <Representation
+        id="video=100000"
+        bandwidth="100000"
+        width="336"
+        height="144"
+        sar="2880:2863"
+        scanType="progressive">
+      </Representation>
+      <Representation
+        id="video=326000"
+        bandwidth="326000"
+        width="562"
+        height="240"
+        sar="115200:114929"
+        scanType="progressive">
+      </Representation>
+      <Representation
+        id="video=698000"
+        bandwidth="698000"
+        width="844"
+        height="360"
+        sar="86400:86299"
+        scanType="progressive">
+      </Representation>
+      <Representation
+        id="video=1493000"
+        bandwidth="1493000"
+        width="1126"
+        height="480"
+        sar="230400:230267"
+        scanType="progressive">
+      </Representation>
+      <Representation
+        id="video=4482000"
+        bandwidth="4482000"
+        width="1688"
+        height="720"
+        sar="86400:86299"
+        scanType="progressive">
+      </Representation>
+    </AdaptationSet>
+  </Period>
+</MPD>
--- a/test/testdata/mpd/url_and_range.mpd
+++ b/test/testdata/mpd/url_and_range.mpd
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" ?>
+<MPD xmlns="urn:mpeg:dash:schema:mpd:2011" profiles="urn:mpeg:dash:profile:isoff-live:2011" minBufferTime="PT10.01S" mediaPresentationDuration="PT30.097S" type="static">
+  <!-- Created with Bento4 mp4-dash.py, VERSION=2.0.0-639 -->
+  <Period>
+    <!-- Video -->
+    <AdaptationSet mimeType="video/mp4" segmentAlignment="true" startWithSAP="1" maxWidth="768" maxHeight="432">
+      <Representation id="video-avc1" codecs="avc1.4D401E" width="768" height="432" scanType="progressive" frameRate="30000/1001" bandwidth="699597">
+        <SegmentList timescale="1000" duration="10010">
+          <Initialization sourceURL="video-frag.mp4" range="36-746"/>
+          <SegmentURL media="video-frag.mp4" mediaRange="747-876117"/>
+          <SegmentURL media="video-frag.mp4" mediaRange="876118-1466913"/>
+          <SegmentURL media="video-frag.mp4" mediaRange="1466914-1953954"/>
+          <SegmentURL media="video-frag.mp4" mediaRange="1953955-1994652"/>
+        </SegmentList>
+      </Representation>
+    </AdaptationSet>
+    <!-- Audio -->
+    <AdaptationSet mimeType="audio/mp4" startWithSAP="1" segmentAlignment="true">
+      <Representation id="audio-und-mp4a.40.2" codecs="mp4a.40.2" bandwidth="98808" audioSamplingRate="48000">
+        <AudioChannelConfiguration schemeIdUri="urn:mpeg:mpegB:cicp:ChannelConfiguration" value="2"/>
+        <SegmentList timescale="1000" duration="10010">
+          <Initialization sourceURL="audio-frag.mp4" range="32-623"/>
+          <SegmentURL media="audio-frag.mp4" mediaRange="624-124199"/>
+          <SegmentURL media="audio-frag.mp4" mediaRange="124200-250303"/>
+          <SegmentURL media="audio-frag.mp4" mediaRange="250304-374365"/>
+          <SegmentURL media="audio-frag.mp4" mediaRange="374366-374836"/>
+        </SegmentList>
+      </Representation>
+    </AdaptationSet>
+  </Period>
+</MPD>
+
--- a/youtube_dl/YoutubeDL.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/YoutubeDL.py
@ -4,11 +4,10 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals

 import collections
-import contextlib
 import copy
 import datetime
 import errno
-import fileinput
+import functools
 import io
 import itertools
 import json
@ -26,25 +25,39 @@ import tokenize
 import traceback
 import random

+try:
+    from ssl import OPENSSL_VERSION
+except ImportError:
+    # Must be Python 2.6, should be built against 1.0.2
+    OPENSSL_VERSION = 'OpenSSL 1.0.2(?)'
 from string import ascii_letters

 from .compat import (
    compat_basestring,
-    compat_cookiejar,
+    compat_collections_chain_map as ChainMap,
+    compat_filter as filter,
    compat_get_terminal_size,
    compat_http_client,
+    compat_http_cookiejar_Cookie,
+    compat_http_cookies_SimpleCookie,
+    compat_integer_types,
    compat_kwargs,
+    compat_map as map,
    compat_numeric_types,
+    compat_open as open,
    compat_os_name,
    compat_str,
    compat_tokenize_tokenize,
    compat_urllib_error,
+    compat_urllib_parse,
    compat_urllib_request,
    compat_urllib_request_DataHandler,
 )
 from .utils import (
+    _UnsafeExtensionError,
    age_restricted,
    args_to_str,
+    bug_reports_message,
    ContentTooShortError,
    date_from_str,
    DateRange,
@ -62,7 +75,9 @@ from .utils import (
    GeoRestrictedError,
    int_or_none,
    ISO3166Utils,
+    join_nonempty,
    locked_file,
+    LazyList,
    make_HTTPS_handler,
    MaxDownloadsReached,
    orderedSet,
@ -73,6 +88,7 @@ from .utils import (
    PostProcessingError,
    preferredencoding,
    prepend_extension,
+    process_communicate_or_kill,
    register_socks_protocols,
    render_table,
    replace_extension,
@ -84,6 +100,7 @@ from .utils import (
    std_headers,
    str_or_none,
    subtitles_filename,
+    traverse_obj,
    UnavailableVideoError,
    url_basename,
    version_tuple,
@ -93,6 +110,7 @@ from .utils import (
    YoutubeDLCookieProcessor,
    YoutubeDLHandler,
    YoutubeDLRedirectHandler,
+    ytdl_is_updateable,
 )
 from .cache import Cache
 from .extractor import get_info_extractor, gen_extractor_classes, _LAZY_LOADER
@ -113,6 +131,20 @@ if compat_os_name == 'nt':
    import ctypes


+def _catch_unsafe_file_extension(func):
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            return func(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        except _UnsafeExtensionError as error:
+            self.report_error(
+                '{0} found; to avoid damaging your system, this value is disallowed.'
+                ' If you believe this is an error{1}'.format(
+                    error_to_compat_str(error), bug_reports_message(',')))
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
 class YoutubeDL(object):
    """YoutubeDL class.

@ -362,6 +394,9 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
        self.params.update(params)
        self.cache = Cache(self)

+        self._header_cookies = []
+        self._load_cookies_from_headers(self.params.get('http_headers'))
+
        def check_deprecated(param, option, suggestion):
            if self.params.get(param) is not None:
                self.report_warning(
@ -568,7 +603,7 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
        if self.params.get('cookiefile') is not None:
            self.cookiejar.save(ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True)

-    def trouble(self, message=None, tb=None):
+    def trouble(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """Determine action to take when a download problem appears.

        Depending on if the downloader has been configured to ignore
@ -577,6 +612,11 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):

        tb, if given, is additional traceback information.
        """
+        # message=None, tb=None, is_error=True
+        message = args[0] if len(args) > 0 else kwargs.get('message', None)
+        tb = args[1] if len(args) > 1 else kwargs.get('tb', None)
+        is_error = args[2] if len(args) > 2 else kwargs.get('is_error', True)
+
        if message is not None:
            self.to_stderr(message)
        if self.params.get('verbose'):
@ -589,7 +629,10 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
                else:
                    tb_data = traceback.format_list(traceback.extract_stack())
                    tb = ''.join(tb_data)
-            self.to_stderr(tb)
+            if tb:
+                self.to_stderr(tb)
+        if not is_error:
+            return
        if not self.params.get('ignoreerrors', False):
            if sys.exc_info()[0] and hasattr(sys.exc_info()[1], 'exc_info') and sys.exc_info()[1].exc_info[0]:
                exc_info = sys.exc_info()[1].exc_info
@ -598,11 +641,18 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
            raise DownloadError(message, exc_info)
        self._download_retcode = 1

-    def report_warning(self, message):
+    def report_warning(self, message, only_once=False, _cache={}):
        '''
        Print the message to stderr, it will be prefixed with 'WARNING:'
        If stderr is a tty file the 'WARNING:' will be colored
        '''
+        if only_once:
+            m_hash = hash((self, message))
+            m_cnt = _cache.setdefault(m_hash, 0)
+            _cache[m_hash] = m_cnt + 1
+            if m_cnt > 0:
+                return
+
        if self.params.get('logger') is not None:
            self.params['logger'].warning(message)
        else:
@ -615,7 +665,7 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
            warning_message = '%s %s' % (_msg_header, message)
            self.to_stderr(warning_message)

-    def report_error(self, message, tb=None):
+    def report_error(self, message, *args, **kwargs):
        '''
        Do the same as trouble, but prefixes the message with 'ERROR:', colored
        in red if stderr is a tty file.
@ -624,8 +674,18 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
            _msg_header = '\033[0;31mERROR:\033[0m'
        else:
            _msg_header = 'ERROR:'
-        error_message = '%s %s' % (_msg_header, message)
-        self.trouble(error_message, tb)
+        kwargs['message'] = '%s %s' % (_msg_header, message)
+        self.trouble(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def report_unscoped_cookies(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # message=None, tb=False, is_error=False
+        if len(args) <= 2:
+            kwargs.setdefault('is_error', False)
+            if len(args) <= 0:
+                kwargs.setdefault(
+                    'message',
+                    'Unscoped cookies are not allowed: please specify some sort of scoping')
+        self.report_error(*args, **kwargs)

    def report_file_already_downloaded(self, file_name):
        """Report file has already been fully downloaded."""
@ -720,7 +780,7 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
                filename = encodeFilename(filename, True).decode(preferredencoding())
            return sanitize_path(filename)
        except ValueError as err:
-            self.report_error('Error in output template: ' + str(err) + ' (encoding: ' + repr(preferredencoding()) + ')')
+            self.report_error('Error in output template: ' + error_to_compat_str(err) + ' (encoding: ' + repr(preferredencoding()) + ')')
            return None

    def _match_entry(self, info_dict, incomplete):
@ -821,7 +881,7 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
                msg += '\nYou might want to use a VPN or a proxy server (with --proxy) to workaround.'
                self.report_error(msg)
            except ExtractorError as e:  # An error we somewhat expected
-                self.report_error(compat_str(e), e.format_traceback())
+                self.report_error(compat_str(e), tb=e.format_traceback())
            except MaxDownloadsReached:
                raise
            except Exception as e:
@ -831,8 +891,83 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
                    raise
        return wrapper

+    def _remove_cookie_header(self, http_headers):
+        """Filters out `Cookie` header from an `http_headers` dict
+        The `Cookie` header is removed to prevent leaks as a result of unscoped cookies.
+        See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/security/advisories/GHSA-v8mc-9377-rwjj
+
+        @param http_headers     An `http_headers` dict from which any `Cookie` header
+                                should be removed, or None
+        """
+        return dict(filter(lambda pair: pair[0].lower() != 'cookie', (http_headers or {}).items()))
+
+    def _load_cookies(self, data, **kwargs):
+        """Loads cookies from a `Cookie` header
+
+        This tries to work around the security vulnerability of passing cookies to every domain.
+
+        @param data         The Cookie header as a string to load the cookies from
+        @param autoscope    If `False`, scope cookies using Set-Cookie syntax and error for cookie without domains
+                            If `True`, save cookies for later to be stored in the jar with a limited scope
+                            If a URL, save cookies in the jar with the domain of the URL
+        """
+        # autoscope=True (kw-only)
+        autoscope = kwargs.get('autoscope', True)
+
+        for cookie in compat_http_cookies_SimpleCookie(data).values() if data else []:
+            if autoscope and any(cookie.values()):
+                raise ValueError('Invalid syntax in Cookie Header')
+
+            domain = cookie.get('domain') or ''
+            expiry = cookie.get('expires')
+            if expiry == '':  # 0 is valid so we check for `''` explicitly
+                expiry = None
+            prepared_cookie = compat_http_cookiejar_Cookie(
+                cookie.get('version') or 0, cookie.key, cookie.value, None, False,
+                domain, True, True, cookie.get('path') or '', bool(cookie.get('path')),
+                bool(cookie.get('secure')), expiry, False, None, None, {})
+
+            if domain:
+                self.cookiejar.set_cookie(prepared_cookie)
+            elif autoscope is True:
+                self.report_warning(
+                    'Passing cookies as a header is a potential security risk; '
+                    'they will be scoped to the domain of the downloaded urls. '
+                    'Please consider loading cookies from a file or browser instead.',
+                    only_once=True)
+                self._header_cookies.append(prepared_cookie)
+            elif autoscope:
+                self.report_warning(
+                    'The extractor result contains an unscoped cookie as an HTTP header. '
+                    'If you are specifying an input URL, ' + bug_reports_message(),
+                    only_once=True)
+                self._apply_header_cookies(autoscope, [prepared_cookie])
+            else:
+                self.report_unscoped_cookies()
+
+    def _load_cookies_from_headers(self, headers):
+        self._load_cookies(traverse_obj(headers, 'cookie', casesense=False))
+
+    def _apply_header_cookies(self, url, cookies=None):
+        """This method applies stray header cookies to the provided url
+
+        This loads header cookies and scopes them to the domain provided in `url`.
+        While this is not ideal, it helps reduce the risk of them being sent to
+        an unintended destination.
+        """
+        parsed = compat_urllib_parse.urlparse(url)
+        if not parsed.hostname:
+            return
+
+        for cookie in map(copy.copy, cookies or self._header_cookies):
+            cookie.domain = '.' + parsed.hostname
+            self.cookiejar.set_cookie(cookie)
+
    @__handle_extraction_exceptions
    def __extract_info(self, url, ie, download, extra_info, process):
+        # Compat with passing cookies in http headers
+        self._apply_header_cookies(url)
+
        ie_result = ie.extract(url)
        if ie_result is None:  # Finished already (backwards compatibility; listformats and friends should be moved here)
            return
@ -858,7 +993,7 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):

    def process_ie_result(self, ie_result, download=True, extra_info={}):
        """
-        Take the result of the ie(may be modified) and resolve all unresolved
+        Take the result of the ie (may be modified) and resolve all unresolved
        references (URLs, playlist items).

        It will also download the videos if 'download'.
@ -920,8 +1055,8 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
        elif result_type in ('playlist', 'multi_video'):
            # Protect from infinite recursion due to recursively nested playlists
            # (see https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/27833)
-            webpage_url = ie_result['webpage_url']
-            if webpage_url in self._playlist_urls:
+            webpage_url = ie_result.get('webpage_url')  # not all pl/mv have this
+            if webpage_url and webpage_url in self._playlist_urls:
                self.to_screen(
                    '[download] Skipping already downloaded playlist: %s'
                    % ie_result.get('title') or ie_result.get('id'))
@ -929,6 +1064,10 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):

            self._playlist_level += 1
            self._playlist_urls.add(webpage_url)
+            new_result = dict((k, v) for k, v in extra_info.items() if k not in ie_result)
+            if new_result:
+                new_result.update(ie_result)
+                ie_result = new_result
            try:
                return self.__process_playlist(ie_result, download)
            finally:
@ -1385,17 +1524,16 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
                        'abr': formats_info[1].get('abr'),
                        'ext': output_ext,
                    }
-                video_selector, audio_selector = map(_build_selector_function, selector.selector)

                def selector_function(ctx):
-                    for pair in itertools.product(
-                            video_selector(copy.deepcopy(ctx)), audio_selector(copy.deepcopy(ctx))):
+                    selector_fn = lambda x: _build_selector_function(x)(ctx)
+                    for pair in itertools.product(*map(selector_fn, selector.selector)):
                        yield _merge(pair)

            filters = [self._build_format_filter(f) for f in selector.filters]

            def final_selector(ctx):
-                ctx_copy = copy.deepcopy(ctx)
+                ctx_copy = dict(ctx)
                for _filter in filters:
                    ctx_copy['formats'] = list(filter(_filter, ctx_copy['formats']))
                return selector_function(ctx_copy)
@ -1430,29 +1568,73 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
        parsed_selector = _parse_format_selection(iter(TokenIterator(tokens)))
        return _build_selector_function(parsed_selector)

-    def _calc_headers(self, info_dict):
-        res = std_headers.copy()
+    def _calc_headers(self, info_dict, load_cookies=False):
+        if load_cookies:  # For --load-info-json
+            # load cookies from http_headers in legacy info.json
+            self._load_cookies(traverse_obj(info_dict, ('http_headers', 'Cookie'), casesense=False),
+                               autoscope=info_dict['url'])
+            # load scoped cookies from info.json
+            self._load_cookies(info_dict.get('cookies'), autoscope=False)

-        add_headers = info_dict.get('http_headers')
-        if add_headers:
-            res.update(add_headers)
-
-        cookies = self._calc_cookies(info_dict)
+        cookies = self.cookiejar.get_cookies_for_url(info_dict['url'])
        if cookies:
-            res['Cookie'] = cookies
+            # Make a string like name1=val1; attr1=a_val1; ...name2=val2; ...
+            # By convention a cookie name can't be a well-known attribute name
+            # so this syntax is unambiguous and can be parsed by (eg) SimpleCookie
+            encoder = compat_http_cookies_SimpleCookie()
+            values = []
+            attributes = (('Domain', '='), ('Path', '='), ('Secure',), ('Expires', '='), ('Version', '='))
+            attributes = tuple([x[0].lower()] + list(x) for x in attributes)
+            for cookie in cookies:
+                _, value = encoder.value_encode(cookie.value)
+                # Py 2 '' --> '', Py 3 '' --> '""'
+                if value == '':
+                    value = '""'
+                values.append('='.join((cookie.name, value)))
+                for attr in attributes:
+                    value = getattr(cookie, attr[0], None)
+                    if value:
+                        values.append('%s%s' % (''.join(attr[1:]), value if len(attr) == 3 else ''))
+            info_dict['cookies'] = '; '.join(values)
+
+        res = std_headers.copy()
+        res.update(info_dict.get('http_headers') or {})
+        res = self._remove_cookie_header(res)

        if 'X-Forwarded-For' not in res:
            x_forwarded_for_ip = info_dict.get('__x_forwarded_for_ip')
            if x_forwarded_for_ip:
                res['X-Forwarded-For'] = x_forwarded_for_ip

-        return res
+        return res or None

    def _calc_cookies(self, info_dict):
        pr = sanitized_Request(info_dict['url'])
        self.cookiejar.add_cookie_header(pr)
        return pr.get_header('Cookie')

+    def _fill_common_fields(self, info_dict, final=True):
+
+        for ts_key, date_key in (
+                ('timestamp', 'upload_date'),
+                ('release_timestamp', 'release_date'),
+        ):
+            if info_dict.get(date_key) is None and info_dict.get(ts_key) is not None:
+                # Working around out-of-range timestamp values (e.g. negative ones on Windows,
+                # see http://bugs.python.org/issue1646728)
+                try:
+                    upload_date = datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(info_dict[ts_key])
+                    info_dict[date_key] = compat_str(upload_date.strftime('%Y%m%d'))
+                except (ValueError, OverflowError, OSError):
+                    pass
+
+        # Auto generate title fields corresponding to the *_number fields when missing
+        # in order to always have clean titles. This is very common for TV series.
+        if final:
+            for field in ('chapter', 'season', 'episode'):
+                if info_dict.get('%s_number' % field) is not None and not info_dict.get(field):
+                    info_dict[field] = '%s %d' % (field.capitalize(), info_dict['%s_number' % field])
+
    def process_video_result(self, info_dict, download=True):
        assert info_dict.get('_type', 'video') == 'video'

@ -1520,24 +1702,7 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
        if 'display_id' not in info_dict and 'id' in info_dict:
            info_dict['display_id'] = info_dict['id']

-        for ts_key, date_key in (
-                ('timestamp', 'upload_date'),
-                ('release_timestamp', 'release_date'),
-        ):
-            if info_dict.get(date_key) is None and info_dict.get(ts_key) is not None:
-                # Working around out-of-range timestamp values (e.g. negative ones on Windows,
-                # see http://bugs.python.org/issue1646728)
-                try:
-                    upload_date = datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(info_dict[ts_key])
-                    info_dict[date_key] = upload_date.strftime('%Y%m%d')
-                except (ValueError, OverflowError, OSError):
-                    pass
-
-        # Auto generate title fields corresponding to the *_number fields when missing
-        # in order to always have clean titles. This is very common for TV series.
-        for field in ('chapter', 'season', 'episode'):
-            if info_dict.get('%s_number' % field) is not None and not info_dict.get(field):
-                info_dict[field] = '%s %d' % (field.capitalize(), info_dict['%s_number' % field])
+        self._fill_common_fields(info_dict)

        for cc_kind in ('subtitles', 'automatic_captions'):
            cc = info_dict.get(cc_kind)
@ -1569,9 +1734,6 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
        else:
            formats = info_dict['formats']

-        if not formats:
-            raise ExtractorError('No video formats found!')
-
        def is_wellformed(f):
            url = f.get('url')
            if not url:
@ -1584,7 +1746,10 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
            return True

        # Filter out malformed formats for better extraction robustness
-        formats = list(filter(is_wellformed, formats))
+        formats = list(filter(is_wellformed, formats or []))
+
+        if not formats:
+            raise ExtractorError('No video formats found!')

        formats_dict = {}

@ -1625,10 +1790,13 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
                format['protocol'] = determine_protocol(format)
            # Add HTTP headers, so that external programs can use them from the
            # json output
-            full_format_info = info_dict.copy()
-            full_format_info.update(format)
-            format['http_headers'] = self._calc_headers(full_format_info)
-        # Remove private housekeeping stuff
+            format['http_headers'] = self._calc_headers(ChainMap(format, info_dict), load_cookies=True)
+
+        # Safeguard against old/insecure infojson when using --load-info-json
+        info_dict['http_headers'] = self._remove_cookie_header(
+            info_dict.get('http_headers') or {}) or None
+
+        # Remove private housekeeping stuff (copied to http_headers in _calc_headers())
        if '__x_forwarded_for_ip' in info_dict:
            del info_dict['__x_forwarded_for_ip']

@ -1771,17 +1939,17 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
            self.to_stdout(formatSeconds(info_dict['duration']))
        print_mandatory('format')
        if self.params.get('forcejson', False):
-            self.to_stdout(json.dumps(info_dict))
+            self.to_stdout(json.dumps(self.sanitize_info(info_dict)))

+    @_catch_unsafe_file_extension
    def process_info(self, info_dict):
        """Process a single resolved IE result."""

        assert info_dict.get('_type', 'video') == 'video'

-        max_downloads = self.params.get('max_downloads')
-        if max_downloads is not None:
-            if self._num_downloads >= int(max_downloads):
-                raise MaxDownloadsReached()
+        max_downloads = int_or_none(self.params.get('max_downloads')) or float('inf')
+        if self._num_downloads >= max_downloads:
+            raise MaxDownloadsReached()

        # TODO: backward compatibility, to be removed
        info_dict['fulltitle'] = info_dict['title']
@ -1832,7 +2000,7 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
            else:
                try:
                    self.to_screen('[info] Writing video description to: ' + descfn)
-                    with io.open(encodeFilename(descfn), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as descfile:
+                    with open(encodeFilename(descfn), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as descfile:
                        descfile.write(info_dict['description'])
                except (OSError, IOError):
                    self.report_error('Cannot write description file ' + descfn)
@ -1847,7 +2015,7 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
            else:
                try:
                    self.to_screen('[info] Writing video annotations to: ' + annofn)
-                    with io.open(encodeFilename(annofn), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as annofile:
+                    with open(encodeFilename(annofn), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as annofile:
                        annofile.write(info_dict['annotations'])
                except (KeyError, TypeError):
                    self.report_warning('There are no annotations to write.')
@ -1874,7 +2042,7 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
                        try:
                            # Use newline='' to prevent conversion of newline characters
                            # See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/10268
-                            with io.open(encodeFilename(sub_filename), 'w', encoding='utf-8', newline='') as subfile:
+                            with open(encodeFilename(sub_filename), 'w', encoding='utf-8', newline='') as subfile:
                                subfile.write(sub_info['data'])
                        except (OSError, IOError):
                            self.report_error('Cannot write subtitles file ' + sub_filename)
@ -1883,36 +2051,41 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
                        try:
                            sub_data = ie._request_webpage(
                                sub_info['url'], info_dict['id'], note=False).read()
-                            with io.open(encodeFilename(sub_filename), 'wb') as subfile:
+                            with open(encodeFilename(sub_filename), 'wb') as subfile:
                                subfile.write(sub_data)
                        except (ExtractorError, IOError, OSError, ValueError) as err:
                            self.report_warning('Unable to download subtitle for "%s": %s' %
                                                (sub_lang, error_to_compat_str(err)))
                            continue

-        if self.params.get('writeinfojson', False):
-            infofn = replace_extension(filename, 'info.json', info_dict.get('ext'))
-            if self.params.get('nooverwrites', False) and os.path.exists(encodeFilename(infofn)):
-                self.to_screen('[info] Video description metadata is already present')
-            else:
-                self.to_screen('[info] Writing video description metadata as JSON to: ' + infofn)
-                try:
-                    write_json_file(self.filter_requested_info(info_dict), infofn)
-                except (OSError, IOError):
-                    self.report_error('Cannot write metadata to JSON file ' + infofn)
-                    return
+        self._write_info_json(
+            'video description', info_dict,
+            replace_extension(filename, 'info.json', info_dict.get('ext')))

        self._write_thumbnails(info_dict, filename)

        if not self.params.get('skip_download', False):
            try:
+                def checked_get_suitable_downloader(info_dict, params):
+                    ed_args = params.get('external_downloader_args')
+                    dler = get_suitable_downloader(info_dict, params)
+                    if ed_args and not params.get('external_downloader_args'):
+                        # external_downloader_args was cleared because external_downloader was rejected
+                        self.report_warning('Requested external downloader cannot be used: '
+                                            'ignoring --external-downloader-args.')
+                    return dler
+
                def dl(name, info):
-                    fd = get_suitable_downloader(info, self.params)(self, self.params)
+                    fd = checked_get_suitable_downloader(info, self.params)(self, self.params)
                    for ph in self._progress_hooks:
                        fd.add_progress_hook(ph)
                    if self.params.get('verbose'):
                        self.to_screen('[debug] Invoking downloader on %r' % info.get('url'))
-                    return fd.download(name, info)
+
+                    new_info = dict((k, v) for k, v in info.items() if not k.startswith('__p'))
+                    new_info['http_headers'] = self._calc_headers(new_info)
+
+                    return fd.download(name, new_info)

                if info_dict.get('requested_formats') is not None:
                    downloaded = []
@ -1941,18 +2114,26 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
                        # TODO: Check acodec/vcodec
                        return False

-                    filename_real_ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1][1:]
-                    filename_wo_ext = (
-                        os.path.splitext(filename)[0]
-                        if filename_real_ext == info_dict['ext']
-                        else filename)
+                    exts = [info_dict['ext']]
                    requested_formats = info_dict['requested_formats']
                    if self.params.get('merge_output_format') is None and not compatible_formats(requested_formats):
                        info_dict['ext'] = 'mkv'
                        self.report_warning(
                            'Requested formats are incompatible for merge and will be merged into mkv.')
+                    exts.append(info_dict['ext'])
+
                    # Ensure filename always has a correct extension for successful merge
-                    filename = '%s.%s' % (filename_wo_ext, info_dict['ext'])
+                    def correct_ext(filename, ext=exts[1]):
+                        if filename == '-':
+                            return filename
+                        f_name, f_real_ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
+                        f_real_ext = f_real_ext[1:]
+                        filename_wo_ext = f_name if f_real_ext in exts else filename
+                        if ext is None:
+                            ext = f_real_ext or None
+                        return join_nonempty(filename_wo_ext, ext, delim='.')
+
+                    filename = correct_ext(filename)
                    if os.path.exists(encodeFilename(filename)):
                        self.to_screen(
                            '[download] %s has already been downloaded and '
@ -1962,8 +2143,9 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
                            new_info = dict(info_dict)
                            new_info.update(f)
                            fname = prepend_extension(
-                                self.prepare_filename(new_info),
-                                'f%s' % f['format_id'], new_info['ext'])
+                                correct_ext(
+                                    self.prepare_filename(new_info), new_info['ext']),
+                                'f%s' % (f['format_id'],), new_info['ext'])
                            if not ensure_dir_exists(fname):
                                return
                            downloaded.append(fname)
@ -2049,9 +2231,12 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
                try:
                    self.post_process(filename, info_dict)
                except (PostProcessingError) as err:
-                    self.report_error('postprocessing: %s' % str(err))
+                    self.report_error('postprocessing: %s' % error_to_compat_str(err))
                    return
                self.record_download_archive(info_dict)
+                # avoid possible nugatory search for further items (PR #26638)
+                if self._num_downloads >= max_downloads:
+                    raise MaxDownloadsReached()

    def download(self, url_list):
        """Download a given list of URLs."""
@ -2074,16 +2259,13 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
                raise
            else:
                if self.params.get('dump_single_json', False):
-                    self.to_stdout(json.dumps(res))
+                    self.to_stdout(json.dumps(self.sanitize_info(res)))

        return self._download_retcode

    def download_with_info_file(self, info_filename):
-        with contextlib.closing(fileinput.FileInput(
-                [info_filename], mode='r',
-                openhook=fileinput.hook_encoded('utf-8'))) as f:
-            # FileInput doesn't have a read method, we can't call json.load
-            info = self.filter_requested_info(json.loads('\n'.join(f)))
+        with open(info_filename, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            info = self.filter_requested_info(json.load(f))
        try:
            self.process_ie_result(info, download=True)
        except DownloadError:
@ -2096,10 +2278,36 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
        return self._download_retcode

    @staticmethod
-    def filter_requested_info(info_dict):
-        return dict(
-            (k, v) for k, v in info_dict.items()
-            if k not in ['requested_formats', 'requested_subtitles'])
+    def sanitize_info(info_dict, remove_private_keys=False):
+        ''' Sanitize the infodict for converting to json '''
+        if info_dict is None:
+            return info_dict
+
+        if remove_private_keys:
+            reject = lambda k, v: (v is None
+                                   or k.startswith('__')
+                                   or k in ('requested_formats',
+                                            'requested_subtitles'))
+        else:
+            reject = lambda k, v: False
+
+        def filter_fn(obj):
+            if isinstance(obj, dict):
+                return dict((k, filter_fn(v)) for k, v in obj.items() if not reject(k, v))
+            elif isinstance(obj, (list, tuple, set, LazyList)):
+                return list(map(filter_fn, obj))
+            elif obj is None or any(isinstance(obj, c)
+                                    for c in (compat_integer_types,
+                                              (compat_str, float, bool))):
+                return obj
+            else:
+                return repr(obj)
+
+        return filter_fn(info_dict)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def filter_requested_info(cls, info_dict):
+        return cls.sanitize_info(info_dict, True)

    def post_process(self, filename, ie_info):
        """Run all the postprocessors on the given file."""
@ -2306,18 +2514,21 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
                self.get_encoding()))
        write_string(encoding_str, encoding=None)

-        self._write_string('[debug] youtube-dl version ' + __version__ + '\n')
+        writeln_debug = lambda *s: self._write_string('[debug] %s\n' % (''.join(s), ))
+        writeln_debug('youtube-dl version ', __version__)
        if _LAZY_LOADER:
-            self._write_string('[debug] Lazy loading extractors enabled' + '\n')
+            writeln_debug('Lazy loading extractors enabled')
+        if ytdl_is_updateable():
+            writeln_debug('Single file build')
        try:
            sp = subprocess.Popen(
                ['git', 'rev-parse', '--short', 'HEAD'],
                stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
                cwd=os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
-            out, err = sp.communicate()
+            out, err = process_communicate_or_kill(sp)
            out = out.decode().strip()
            if re.match('[0-9a-f]+', out):
-                self._write_string('[debug] Git HEAD: ' + out + '\n')
+                writeln_debug('Git HEAD: ', out)
        except Exception:
            try:
                sys.exc_clear()
@ -2330,9 +2541,22 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
                return impl_name + ' version %d.%d.%d' % sys.pypy_version_info[:3]
            return impl_name

-        self._write_string('[debug] Python version %s (%s) - %s\n' % (
-            platform.python_version(), python_implementation(),
-            platform_name()))
+        def libc_ver():
+            try:
+                return platform.libc_ver()
+            except OSError:  # We may not have access to the executable
+                return []
+
+        libc = join_nonempty(*libc_ver(), delim=' ')
+        writeln_debug('Python %s (%s %s %s) - %s - %s%s' % (
+            platform.python_version(),
+            python_implementation(),
+            platform.machine(),
+            platform.architecture()[0],
+            platform_name(),
+            OPENSSL_VERSION,
+            (' - %s' % (libc, )) if libc else ''
+        ))

        exe_versions = FFmpegPostProcessor.get_versions(self)
        exe_versions['rtmpdump'] = rtmpdump_version()
@ -2344,17 +2568,17 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
        )
        if not exe_str:
            exe_str = 'none'
-        self._write_string('[debug] exe versions: %s\n' % exe_str)
+        writeln_debug('exe versions: %s' % (exe_str, ))

        proxy_map = {}
        for handler in self._opener.handlers:
            if hasattr(handler, 'proxies'):
                proxy_map.update(handler.proxies)
-        self._write_string('[debug] Proxy map: ' + compat_str(proxy_map) + '\n')
+        writeln_debug('Proxy map: ', compat_str(proxy_map))

        if self.params.get('call_home', False):
            ipaddr = self.urlopen('https://yt-dl.org/ip').read().decode('utf-8')
-            self._write_string('[debug] Public IP address: %s\n' % ipaddr)
+            writeln_debug('Public IP address: %s' % (ipaddr, ))
            latest_version = self.urlopen(
                'https://yt-dl.org/latest/version').read().decode('utf-8')
            if version_tuple(latest_version) > version_tuple(__version__):
@ -2371,7 +2595,7 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
        opts_proxy = self.params.get('proxy')

        if opts_cookiefile is None:
-            self.cookiejar = compat_cookiejar.CookieJar()
+            self.cookiejar = YoutubeDLCookieJar()
        else:
            opts_cookiefile = expand_path(opts_cookiefile)
            self.cookiejar = YoutubeDLCookieJar(opts_cookiefile)
@ -2432,6 +2656,28 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
            encoding = preferredencoding()
        return encoding

+    def _write_info_json(self, label, info_dict, infofn, overwrite=None):
+        if not self.params.get('writeinfojson', False):
+            return False
+
+        def msg(fmt, lbl):
+            return fmt % (lbl + ' metadata',)
+
+        if overwrite is None:
+            overwrite = not self.params.get('nooverwrites', False)
+
+        if not overwrite and os.path.exists(encodeFilename(infofn)):
+            self.to_screen(msg('[info] %s is already present', label.title()))
+            return 'exists'
+        else:
+            self.to_screen(msg('[info] Writing %s as JSON to: ', label) + infofn)
+            try:
+                write_json_file(self.filter_requested_info(info_dict), infofn)
+                return True
+            except (OSError, IOError):
+                self.report_error(msg('Cannot write %s to JSON file ', label) + infofn)
+                return
+
    def _write_thumbnails(self, info_dict, filename):
        if self.params.get('writethumbnail', False):
            thumbnails = info_dict.get('thumbnails')
--- a/youtube_dl/init.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/init.py
@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from __future__ import unicode_literals

 __license__ = 'Public Domain'

-import codecs
 import io
 import os
 import random
@ -17,10 +16,12 @@ from .options import (
 )
 from .compat import (
    compat_getpass,
+    compat_register_utf8,
    compat_shlex_split,
    workaround_optparse_bug9161,
 )
 from .utils import (
+    _UnsafeExtensionError,
    DateRange,
    decodeOption,
    DEFAULT_OUTTMPL,
@ -46,10 +47,8 @@ from .YoutubeDL import YoutubeDL


 def _real_main(argv=None):
-    # Compatibility fixes for Windows
-    if sys.platform == 'win32':
-        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/820
-        codecs.register(lambda name: codecs.lookup('utf-8') if name == 'cp65001' else None)
+    # Compatibility fix for Windows
+    compat_register_utf8()

    workaround_optparse_bug9161()

@ -175,6 +174,9 @@ def _real_main(argv=None):
    if opts.ap_mso and opts.ap_mso not in MSO_INFO:
        parser.error('Unsupported TV Provider, use --ap-list-mso to get a list of supported TV Providers')

+    if opts.no_check_extensions:
+        _UnsafeExtensionError.lenient = True
+
    def parse_retries(retries):
        if retries in ('inf', 'infinite'):
            parsed_retries = float('inf')
--- a/youtube_dl/aes.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/aes.py
@ -8,6 +8,18 @@ from .utils import bytes_to_intlist, intlist_to_bytes
 BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES = 16


+def pkcs7_padding(data):
+    """
+    PKCS#7 padding
+
+    @param {int[]} data        cleartext
+    @returns {int[]}           padding data
+    """
+
+    remaining_length = BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES - len(data) % BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES
+    return data + [remaining_length] * remaining_length
+
+
 def aes_ctr_decrypt(data, key, counter):
    """
    Decrypt with aes in counter mode
@ -76,8 +88,7 @@ def aes_cbc_encrypt(data, key, iv):
    previous_cipher_block = iv
    for i in range(block_count):
        block = data[i * BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES: (i + 1) * BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES]
-        remaining_length = BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES - len(block)
-        block += [remaining_length] * remaining_length
+        block = pkcs7_padding(block)
        mixed_block = xor(block, previous_cipher_block)

        encrypted_block = aes_encrypt(mixed_block, expanded_key)
@ -88,6 +99,28 @@ def aes_cbc_encrypt(data, key, iv):
    return encrypted_data


+def aes_ecb_encrypt(data, key):
+    """
+    Encrypt with aes in ECB mode. Using PKCS#7 padding
+
+    @param {int[]} data        cleartext
+    @param {int[]} key         16/24/32-Byte cipher key
+    @returns {int[]}           encrypted data
+    """
+    expanded_key = key_expansion(key)
+    block_count = int(ceil(float(len(data)) / BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES))
+
+    encrypted_data = []
+    for i in range(block_count):
+        block = data[i * BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES: (i + 1) * BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES]
+        block = pkcs7_padding(block)
+
+        encrypted_block = aes_encrypt(block, expanded_key)
+        encrypted_data += encrypted_block
+
+    return encrypted_data
+
+
 def key_expansion(data):
    """
    Generate key schedule
@ -303,7 +336,7 @@ def xor(data1, data2):


 def rijndael_mul(a, b):
-    if(a == 0 or b == 0):
+    if (a == 0 or b == 0):
        return 0
    return RIJNDAEL_EXP_TABLE[(RIJNDAEL_LOG_TABLE[a] + RIJNDAEL_LOG_TABLE[b]) % 0xFF]

--- a/youtube_dl/cache.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/cache.py
@ -1,21 +1,32 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals

 import errno
-import io
 import json
 import os
 import re
 import shutil
 import traceback

-from .compat import compat_getenv
+from .compat import (
+    compat_getenv,
+    compat_open as open,
+)
 from .utils import (
+    error_to_compat_str,
    expand_path,
+    is_outdated_version,
+    try_get,
    write_json_file,
 )
+from .version import __version__


 class Cache(object):
+
+    _YTDL_DIR = 'youtube-dl'
+    _VERSION_KEY = _YTDL_DIR + '_version'
+    _DEFAULT_VERSION = '2021.12.17'
+
    def __init__(self, ydl):
        self._ydl = ydl

@ -23,7 +34,7 @@ class Cache(object):
        res = self._ydl.params.get('cachedir')
        if res is None:
            cache_root = compat_getenv('XDG_CACHE_HOME', '~/.cache')
-            res = os.path.join(cache_root, 'youtube-dl')
+            res = os.path.join(cache_root, self._YTDL_DIR)
        return expand_path(res)

    def _get_cache_fn(self, section, key, dtype):
@ -50,13 +61,22 @@ class Cache(object):
            except OSError as ose:
                if ose.errno != errno.EEXIST:
                    raise
-            write_json_file(data, fn)
+            write_json_file({self._VERSION_KEY: __version__, 'data': data}, fn)
        except Exception:
            tb = traceback.format_exc()
            self._ydl.report_warning(
                'Writing cache to %r failed: %s' % (fn, tb))

-    def load(self, section, key, dtype='json', default=None):
+    def _validate(self, data, min_ver):
+        version = try_get(data, lambda x: x[self._VERSION_KEY])
+        if not version:  # Backward compatibility
+            data, version = {'data': data}, self._DEFAULT_VERSION
+        if not is_outdated_version(version, min_ver or '0', assume_new=False):
+            return data['data']
+        self._ydl.to_screen(
+            'Discarding old cache from version {version} (needs {min_ver})'.format(**locals()))
+
+    def load(self, section, key, dtype='json', default=None, min_ver=None):
        assert dtype in ('json',)

        if not self.enabled:
@ -65,13 +85,13 @@ class Cache(object):
        cache_fn = self._get_cache_fn(section, key, dtype)
        try:
            try:
-                with io.open(cache_fn, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as cachef:
-                    return json.load(cachef)
+                with open(cache_fn, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as cachef:
+                    return self._validate(json.load(cachef), min_ver)
            except ValueError:
                try:
                    file_size = os.path.getsize(cache_fn)
                except (OSError, IOError) as oe:
-                    file_size = str(oe)
+                    file_size = error_to_compat_str(oe)
                self._ydl.report_warning(
                    'Cache retrieval from %s failed (%s)' % (cache_fn, file_size))
        except IOError:
--- a/youtube_dl/casefold.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/casefold.py
--- a/youtube_dl/compat.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/compat.py
@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 # coding: utf-8
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
+from __future__ import division

 import base64
 import binascii
 import collections
 import ctypes
+import datetime
 import email
 import getpass
 import io
@ -19,8 +21,31 @@ import socket
 import struct
 import subprocess
 import sys
+import types
 import xml.etree.ElementTree

+# naming convention
+# 'compat_' + Python3_name.replace('.', '_')
+# other aliases exist for convenience and/or legacy
+
+# deal with critical unicode/str things first
+try:
+    # Python 2
+    compat_str, compat_basestring, compat_chr = (
+        unicode, basestring, unichr
+    )
+except NameError:
+    compat_str, compat_basestring, compat_chr = (
+        str, (str, bytes), chr
+    )
+
+# casefold
+try:
+    compat_str.casefold
+    compat_casefold = lambda s: s.casefold()
+except AttributeError:
+    from .casefold import casefold as compat_casefold
+
 try:
    import collections.abc as compat_collections_abc
 except ImportError:
@ -31,6 +56,29 @@ try:
 except ImportError:  # Python 2
    import urllib2 as compat_urllib_request

+# Also fix up lack of method arg in old Pythons
+try:
+    type(compat_urllib_request.Request('http://127.0.0.1', method='GET'))
+except TypeError:
+    def _add_init_method_arg(cls):
+
+        init = cls.__init__
+
+        def wrapped_init(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            method = kwargs.pop('method', 'GET')
+            init(self, *args, **kwargs)
+            if any(callable(x.__dict__.get('get_method')) for x in (self.__class__, self) if x != cls):
+                # allow instance or its subclass to override get_method()
+                return
+            if self.has_data() and method == 'GET':
+                method = 'POST'
+            self.get_method = types.MethodType(lambda _: method, self)
+
+        cls.__init__ = wrapped_init
+
+    _add_init_method_arg(compat_urllib_request.Request)
+    del _add_init_method_arg
+
 try:
    import urllib.error as compat_urllib_error
 except ImportError:  # Python 2
@ -40,26 +88,32 @@ try:
    import urllib.parse as compat_urllib_parse
 except ImportError:  # Python 2
    import urllib as compat_urllib_parse
+    import urlparse as _urlparse
+    for a in dir(_urlparse):
+        if not hasattr(compat_urllib_parse, a):
+            setattr(compat_urllib_parse, a, getattr(_urlparse, a))
+    del _urlparse

-try:
-    from urllib.parse import urlparse as compat_urllib_parse_urlparse
-except ImportError:  # Python 2
-    from urlparse import urlparse as compat_urllib_parse_urlparse
-
-try:
-    import urllib.parse as compat_urlparse
-except ImportError:  # Python 2
-    import urlparse as compat_urlparse
+# unfavoured aliases
+compat_urlparse = compat_urllib_parse
+compat_urllib_parse_urlparse = compat_urllib_parse.urlparse

 try:
    import urllib.response as compat_urllib_response
 except ImportError:  # Python 2
    import urllib as compat_urllib_response

+try:
+    compat_urllib_response.addinfourl.status
+except AttributeError:
+    # .getcode() is deprecated in Py 3.
+    compat_urllib_response.addinfourl.status = property(lambda self: self.getcode())
+
 try:
    import http.cookiejar as compat_cookiejar
 except ImportError:  # Python 2
    import cookielib as compat_cookiejar
+compat_http_cookiejar = compat_cookiejar

 if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
    class compat_cookiejar_Cookie(compat_cookiejar.Cookie):
@ -71,20 +125,35 @@ if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
            compat_cookiejar.Cookie.__init__(self, version, name, value, *args, **kwargs)
 else:
    compat_cookiejar_Cookie = compat_cookiejar.Cookie
+compat_http_cookiejar_Cookie = compat_cookiejar_Cookie

 try:
    import http.cookies as compat_cookies
 except ImportError:  # Python 2
    import Cookie as compat_cookies
+compat_http_cookies = compat_cookies

-if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+if sys.version_info[0] == 2 or sys.version_info < (3, 3):
    class compat_cookies_SimpleCookie(compat_cookies.SimpleCookie):
        def load(self, rawdata):
-            if isinstance(rawdata, compat_str):
-                rawdata = str(rawdata)
-            return super(compat_cookies_SimpleCookie, self).load(rawdata)
+            must_have_value = 0
+            if not isinstance(rawdata, dict):
+                if sys.version_info[:2] != (2, 7) or sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+                    # attribute must have value for parsing
+                    rawdata, must_have_value = re.subn(
+                        r'(?i)(;\s*)(secure|httponly)(\s*(?:;|$))', r'\1\2=\2\3', rawdata)
+                if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+                    if isinstance(rawdata, compat_str):
+                        rawdata = str(rawdata)
+            super(compat_cookies_SimpleCookie, self).load(rawdata)
+            if must_have_value > 0:
+                for morsel in self.values():
+                    for attr in ('secure', 'httponly'):
+                        if morsel.get(attr):
+                            morsel[attr] = True
 else:
    compat_cookies_SimpleCookie = compat_cookies.SimpleCookie
+compat_http_cookies_SimpleCookie = compat_cookies_SimpleCookie

 try:
    import html.entities as compat_html_entities
@ -2333,39 +2402,45 @@ try:
    import http.client as compat_http_client
 except ImportError:  # Python 2
    import httplib as compat_http_client
+try:
+    compat_http_client.HTTPResponse.getcode
+except AttributeError:
+    # Py < 3.1
+    compat_http_client.HTTPResponse.getcode = lambda self: self.status

 try:
    from urllib.error import HTTPError as compat_HTTPError
 except ImportError:  # Python 2
    from urllib2 import HTTPError as compat_HTTPError
+compat_urllib_HTTPError = compat_HTTPError

 try:
    from urllib.request import urlretrieve as compat_urlretrieve
 except ImportError:  # Python 2
    from urllib import urlretrieve as compat_urlretrieve
+compat_urllib_request_urlretrieve = compat_urlretrieve

 try:
+    from HTMLParser import (
+        HTMLParser as compat_HTMLParser,
+        HTMLParseError as compat_HTMLParseError)
+except ImportError:  # Python 3
    from html.parser import HTMLParser as compat_HTMLParser
-except ImportError:  # Python 2
-    from HTMLParser import HTMLParser as compat_HTMLParser
-
-try:  # Python 2
-    from HTMLParser import HTMLParseError as compat_HTMLParseError
-except ImportError:  # Python <3.4
    try:
        from html.parser import HTMLParseError as compat_HTMLParseError
    except ImportError:  # Python >3.4
-
-        # HTMLParseError has been deprecated in Python 3.3 and removed in
+        # HTMLParseError was deprecated in Python 3.3 and removed in
        # Python 3.5. Introducing dummy exception for Python >3.5 for compatible
        # and uniform cross-version exception handling
        class compat_HTMLParseError(Exception):
            pass
+compat_html_parser_HTMLParser = compat_HTMLParser
+compat_html_parser_HTMLParseError = compat_HTMLParseError

 try:
-    from subprocess import DEVNULL
-    compat_subprocess_get_DEVNULL = lambda: DEVNULL
-except ImportError:
+    _DEVNULL = subprocess.DEVNULL
+    compat_subprocess_get_DEVNULL = lambda: _DEVNULL
+except AttributeError:
    compat_subprocess_get_DEVNULL = lambda: open(os.path.devnull, 'w')

 try:
@ -2373,15 +2448,12 @@ try:
 except ImportError:
    import BaseHTTPServer as compat_http_server

-try:
-    compat_str = unicode  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    compat_str = str
-
 try:
    from urllib.parse import unquote_to_bytes as compat_urllib_parse_unquote_to_bytes
    from urllib.parse import unquote as compat_urllib_parse_unquote
    from urllib.parse import unquote_plus as compat_urllib_parse_unquote_plus
+    from urllib.parse import urlencode as compat_urllib_parse_urlencode
+    from urllib.parse import parse_qs as compat_parse_qs
 except ImportError:  # Python 2
    _asciire = (compat_urllib_parse._asciire if hasattr(compat_urllib_parse, '_asciire')
                else re.compile(r'([\x00-\x7f]+)'))
@ -2448,9 +2520,6 @@ except ImportError:  # Python 2
        string = string.replace('+', ' ')
        return compat_urllib_parse_unquote(string, encoding, errors)

-try:
-    from urllib.parse import urlencode as compat_urllib_parse_urlencode
-except ImportError:  # Python 2
    # Python 2 will choke in urlencode on mixture of byte and unicode strings.
    # Possible solutions are to either port it from python 3 with all
    # the friends or manually ensure input query contains only byte strings.
@ -2472,7 +2541,62 @@ except ImportError:  # Python 2
        def encode_list(l):
            return [encode_elem(e) for e in l]

-        return compat_urllib_parse.urlencode(encode_elem(query), doseq=doseq)
+        return compat_urllib_parse._urlencode(encode_elem(query), doseq=doseq)
+
+    # HACK: The following is the correct parse_qs implementation from cpython 3's stdlib.
+    # Python 2's version is apparently totally broken
+    def _parse_qsl(qs, keep_blank_values=False, strict_parsing=False,
+                   encoding='utf-8', errors='replace'):
+        qs, _coerce_result = qs, compat_str
+        pairs = [s2 for s1 in qs.split('&') for s2 in s1.split(';')]
+        r = []
+        for name_value in pairs:
+            if not name_value and not strict_parsing:
+                continue
+            nv = name_value.split('=', 1)
+            if len(nv) != 2:
+                if strict_parsing:
+                    raise ValueError('bad query field: %r' % (name_value,))
+                # Handle case of a control-name with no equal sign
+                if keep_blank_values:
+                    nv.append('')
+                else:
+                    continue
+            if len(nv[1]) or keep_blank_values:
+                name = nv[0].replace('+', ' ')
+                name = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(
+                    name, encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
+                name = _coerce_result(name)
+                value = nv[1].replace('+', ' ')
+                value = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(
+                    value, encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
+                value = _coerce_result(value)
+                r.append((name, value))
+        return r
+
+    def compat_parse_qs(qs, keep_blank_values=False, strict_parsing=False,
+                        encoding='utf-8', errors='replace'):
+        parsed_result = {}
+        pairs = _parse_qsl(qs, keep_blank_values, strict_parsing,
+                           encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
+        for name, value in pairs:
+            if name in parsed_result:
+                parsed_result[name].append(value)
+            else:
+                parsed_result[name] = [value]
+        return parsed_result
+
+    setattr(compat_urllib_parse, '_urlencode',
+            getattr(compat_urllib_parse, 'urlencode'))
+    for name, fix in (
+            ('unquote_to_bytes', compat_urllib_parse_unquote_to_bytes),
+            ('parse_unquote', compat_urllib_parse_unquote),
+            ('unquote_plus', compat_urllib_parse_unquote_plus),
+            ('urlencode', compat_urllib_parse_urlencode),
+            ('parse_qs', compat_parse_qs)):
+        setattr(compat_urllib_parse, name, fix)
+
+compat_urllib_parse_parse_qs = compat_parse_qs

 try:
    from urllib.request import DataHandler as compat_urllib_request_DataHandler
@ -2508,21 +2632,11 @@ except ImportError:  # Python < 3.4

            return compat_urllib_response.addinfourl(io.BytesIO(data), headers, url)

-try:
-    compat_basestring = basestring  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    compat_basestring = str
-
-try:
-    compat_chr = unichr  # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    compat_chr = chr
-
 try:
    from xml.etree.ElementTree import ParseError as compat_xml_parse_error
 except ImportError:  # Python 2.6
    from xml.parsers.expat import ExpatError as compat_xml_parse_error
-
+compat_xml_etree_ElementTree_ParseError = compat_xml_parse_error

 etree = xml.etree.ElementTree

@ -2536,10 +2650,11 @@ try:
    # xml.etree.ElementTree.Element is a method in Python <=2.6 and
    # the following will crash with:
    #  TypeError: isinstance() arg 2 must be a class, type, or tuple of classes and types
-    isinstance(None, xml.etree.ElementTree.Element)
+    isinstance(None, etree.Element)
    from xml.etree.ElementTree import Element as compat_etree_Element
 except TypeError:  # Python <=2.6
    from xml.etree.ElementTree import _ElementInterface as compat_etree_Element
+compat_xml_etree_ElementTree_Element = compat_etree_Element

 if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
    def compat_etree_fromstring(text):
@ -2595,6 +2710,7 @@ else:
            if k == uri or v == prefix:
                del etree._namespace_map[k]
        etree._namespace_map[uri] = prefix
+compat_xml_etree_register_namespace = compat_etree_register_namespace

 if sys.version_info < (2, 7):
    # Here comes the crazy part: In 2.6, if the xpath is a unicode,
@ -2603,55 +2719,222 @@ if sys.version_info < (2, 7):
        if isinstance(xpath, compat_str):
            xpath = xpath.encode('ascii')
        return xpath
+
+    # further code below based on CPython 2.7 source
+    import functools
+
+    _xpath_tokenizer_re = re.compile(r'''(?x)
+        (                                   # (1)
+            '[^']*'|"[^"]*"|                # quoted strings, or
+            ::|//?|\.\.|\(\)|[/.*:[\]()@=]  # navigation specials
+        )|                                  # or (2)
+        ((?:\{[^}]+\})?[^/[\]()@=\s]+)|     # token: optional {ns}, no specials
+        \s+                                 # or white space
+    ''')
+
+    def _xpath_tokenizer(pattern, namespaces=None):
+        for token in _xpath_tokenizer_re.findall(pattern):
+            tag = token[1]
+            if tag and tag[0] != "{" and ":" in tag:
+                try:
+                    if not namespaces:
+                        raise KeyError
+                    prefix, uri = tag.split(":", 1)
+                    yield token[0], "{%s}%s" % (namespaces[prefix], uri)
+                except KeyError:
+                    raise SyntaxError("prefix %r not found in prefix map" % prefix)
+            else:
+                yield token
+
+    def _get_parent_map(context):
+        parent_map = context.parent_map
+        if parent_map is None:
+            context.parent_map = parent_map = {}
+            for p in context.root.getiterator():
+                for e in p:
+                    parent_map[e] = p
+        return parent_map
+
+    def _select(context, result, filter_fn=lambda *_: True):
+        for elem in result:
+            for e in elem:
+                if filter_fn(e, elem):
+                    yield e
+
+    def _prepare_child(next_, token):
+        tag = token[1]
+        return functools.partial(_select, filter_fn=lambda e, _: e.tag == tag)
+
+    def _prepare_star(next_, token):
+        return _select
+
+    def _prepare_self(next_, token):
+        return lambda _, result: (e for e in result)
+
+    def _prepare_descendant(next_, token):
+        token = next(next_)
+        if token[0] == "*":
+            tag = "*"
+        elif not token[0]:
+            tag = token[1]
+        else:
+            raise SyntaxError("invalid descendant")
+
+        def select(context, result):
+            for elem in result:
+                for e in elem.getiterator(tag):
+                    if e is not elem:
+                        yield e
+        return select
+
+    def _prepare_parent(next_, token):
+        def select(context, result):
+            # FIXME: raise error if .. is applied at toplevel?
+            parent_map = _get_parent_map(context)
+            result_map = {}
+            for elem in result:
+                if elem in parent_map:
+                    parent = parent_map[elem]
+                    if parent not in result_map:
+                        result_map[parent] = None
+                        yield parent
+        return select
+
+    def _prepare_predicate(next_, token):
+        signature = []
+        predicate = []
+        for token in next_:
+            if token[0] == "]":
+                break
+            if token[0] and token[0][:1] in "'\"":
+                token = "'", token[0][1:-1]
+            signature.append(token[0] or "-")
+            predicate.append(token[1])
+
+        def select(context, result, filter_fn=lambda _: True):
+            for elem in result:
+                if filter_fn(elem):
+                    yield elem
+
+        signature = "".join(signature)
+        # use signature to determine predicate type
+        if signature == "@-":
+            # [@attribute] predicate
+            key = predicate[1]
+            return functools.partial(
+                select, filter_fn=lambda el: el.get(key) is not None)
+        if signature == "@-='":
+            # [@attribute='value']
+            key = predicate[1]
+            value = predicate[-1]
+            return functools.partial(
+                select, filter_fn=lambda el: el.get(key) == value)
+        if signature == "-" and not re.match(r"\d+$", predicate[0]):
+            # [tag]
+            tag = predicate[0]
+            return functools.partial(
+                select, filter_fn=lambda el: el.find(tag) is not None)
+        if signature == "-='" and not re.match(r"\d+$", predicate[0]):
+            # [tag='value']
+            tag = predicate[0]
+            value = predicate[-1]
+
+            def itertext(el):
+                for e in el.getiterator():
+                    e = e.text
+                    if e:
+                        yield e
+
+            def select(context, result):
+                for elem in result:
+                    for e in elem.findall(tag):
+                        if "".join(itertext(e)) == value:
+                            yield elem
+                            break
+            return select
+        if signature == "-" or signature == "-()" or signature == "-()-":
+            # [index] or [last()] or [last()-index]
+            if signature == "-":
+                index = int(predicate[0]) - 1
+            else:
+                if predicate[0] != "last":
+                    raise SyntaxError("unsupported function")
+                if signature == "-()-":
+                    try:
+                        index = int(predicate[2]) - 1
+                    except ValueError:
+                        raise SyntaxError("unsupported expression")
+                else:
+                    index = -1
+
+            def select(context, result):
+                parent_map = _get_parent_map(context)
+                for elem in result:
+                    try:
+                        parent = parent_map[elem]
+                        # FIXME: what if the selector is "*" ?
+                        elems = list(parent.findall(elem.tag))
+                        if elems[index] is elem:
+                            yield elem
+                    except (IndexError, KeyError):
+                        pass
+            return select
+        raise SyntaxError("invalid predicate")
+
+    ops = {
+        "": _prepare_child,
+        "*": _prepare_star,
+        ".": _prepare_self,
+        "..": _prepare_parent,
+        "//": _prepare_descendant,
+        "[": _prepare_predicate,
+    }
+
+    _cache = {}
+
+    class _SelectorContext:
+        parent_map = None
+
+        def __init__(self, root):
+            self.root = root
+
+    ##
+    # Generate all matching objects.
+
+    def compat_etree_iterfind(elem, path, namespaces=None):
+        # compile selector pattern
+        if path[-1:] == "/":
+            path = path + "*"  # implicit all (FIXME: keep this?)
+        try:
+            selector = _cache[path]
+        except KeyError:
+            if len(_cache) > 100:
+                _cache.clear()
+            if path[:1] == "/":
+                raise SyntaxError("cannot use absolute path on element")
+            tokens = _xpath_tokenizer(path, namespaces)
+            selector = []
+            for token in tokens:
+                if token[0] == "/":
+                    continue
+                try:
+                    selector.append(ops[token[0]](tokens, token))
+                except StopIteration:
+                    raise SyntaxError("invalid path")
+            _cache[path] = selector
+        # execute selector pattern
+        result = [elem]
+        context = _SelectorContext(elem)
+        for select in selector:
+            result = select(context, result)
+        return result
+
+    # end of code based on CPython 2.7 source
+
+
 else:
    compat_xpath = lambda xpath: xpath
-
-try:
-    from urllib.parse import parse_qs as compat_parse_qs
-except ImportError:  # Python 2
-    # HACK: The following is the correct parse_qs implementation from cpython 3's stdlib.
-    # Python 2's version is apparently totally broken
-
-    def _parse_qsl(qs, keep_blank_values=False, strict_parsing=False,
-                   encoding='utf-8', errors='replace'):
-        qs, _coerce_result = qs, compat_str
-        pairs = [s2 for s1 in qs.split('&') for s2 in s1.split(';')]
-        r = []
-        for name_value in pairs:
-            if not name_value and not strict_parsing:
-                continue
-            nv = name_value.split('=', 1)
-            if len(nv) != 2:
-                if strict_parsing:
-                    raise ValueError('bad query field: %r' % (name_value,))
-                # Handle case of a control-name with no equal sign
-                if keep_blank_values:
-                    nv.append('')
-                else:
-                    continue
-            if len(nv[1]) or keep_blank_values:
-                name = nv[0].replace('+', ' ')
-                name = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(
-                    name, encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
-                name = _coerce_result(name)
-                value = nv[1].replace('+', ' ')
-                value = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(
-                    value, encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
-                value = _coerce_result(value)
-                r.append((name, value))
-        return r
-
-    def compat_parse_qs(qs, keep_blank_values=False, strict_parsing=False,
-                        encoding='utf-8', errors='replace'):
-        parsed_result = {}
-        pairs = _parse_qsl(qs, keep_blank_values, strict_parsing,
-                           encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
-        for name, value in pairs:
-            if name in parsed_result:
-                parsed_result[name].append(value)
-            else:
-                parsed_result[name] = [value]
-        return parsed_result
+    compat_etree_iterfind = lambda element, match: element.iterfind(match)


 compat_os_name = os._name if os.name == 'java' else os.name
@ -2687,7 +2970,7 @@ except (AssertionError, UnicodeEncodeError):


 def compat_ord(c):
-    if type(c) is int:
+    if isinstance(c, int):
        return c
    else:
        return ord(c)
@ -2777,6 +3060,8 @@ else:
    else:
        compat_expanduser = os.path.expanduser

+compat_os_path_expanduser = compat_expanduser
+

 if compat_os_name == 'nt' and sys.version_info < (3, 8):
    # os.path.realpath on Windows does not follow symbolic links
@ -2788,6 +3073,8 @@ if compat_os_name == 'nt' and sys.version_info < (3, 8):
 else:
    compat_realpath = os.path.realpath

+compat_os_path_realpath = compat_realpath
+

 if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
    def compat_print(s):
@ -2808,11 +3095,15 @@ if sys.version_info < (3, 0) and sys.platform == 'win32':
 else:
    compat_getpass = getpass.getpass

+compat_getpass_getpass = compat_getpass
+
+
 try:
    compat_input = raw_input
 except NameError:  # Python 3
    compat_input = input

+
 # Python < 2.6.5 require kwargs to be bytes
 try:
    def _testfunc(x):
@ -2863,6 +3154,51 @@ else:
    compat_socket_create_connection = socket.create_connection


+try:
+    from contextlib import suppress as compat_contextlib_suppress
+except ImportError:
+    class compat_contextlib_suppress(object):
+        _exceptions = None
+
+        def __init__(self, *exceptions):
+            super(compat_contextlib_suppress, self).__init__()
+            # TODO: [Base]ExceptionGroup (3.12+)
+            self._exceptions = exceptions
+
+        def __enter__(self):
+            return self
+
+        def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+            return exc_type is not None and issubclass(exc_type, self._exceptions or tuple())
+
+
+# subprocess.Popen context manager
+# avoids leaking handles if .communicate() is not called
+try:
+    _Popen = subprocess.Popen
+    # check for required context manager attributes
+    _Popen.__enter__ and _Popen.__exit__
+    compat_subprocess_Popen = _Popen
+except AttributeError:
+    # not a context manager - make one
+    from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def compat_subprocess_Popen(*args, **kwargs):
+        popen = None
+        try:
+            popen = _Popen(*args, **kwargs)
+            yield popen
+        finally:
+            if popen:
+                for f in (popen.stdin, popen.stdout, popen.stderr):
+                    if f:
+                        # repeated .close() is OK, but just in case
+                        with compat_contextlib_suppress(EnvironmentError):
+                            f.close()
+                popen.wait()
+
+
 # Fix https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/4223
 # See http://bugs.python.org/issue9161 for what is broken
 def workaround_optparse_bug9161():
@ -2890,6 +3226,7 @@ else:
    _terminal_size = collections.namedtuple('terminal_size', ['columns', 'lines'])

    def compat_get_terminal_size(fallback=(80, 24)):
+        from .utils import process_communicate_or_kill
        columns = compat_getenv('COLUMNS')
        if columns:
            columns = int(columns)
@ -2906,7 +3243,7 @@ else:
                sp = subprocess.Popen(
                    ['stty', 'size'],
                    stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-                out, err = sp.communicate()
+                out, err = process_communicate_or_kill(sp)
                _lines, _columns = map(int, out.split())
            except Exception:
                _columns, _lines = _terminal_size(*fallback)
@ -2917,15 +3254,16 @@ else:
                lines = _lines
        return _terminal_size(columns, lines)

+
 try:
    itertools.count(start=0, step=1)
    compat_itertools_count = itertools.count
 except TypeError:  # Python 2.6
    def compat_itertools_count(start=0, step=1):
-        n = start
        while True:
-            yield n
-            n += step
+            yield start
+            start += step
+

 if sys.version_info >= (3, 0):
    from tokenize import tokenize as compat_tokenize_tokenize
@ -2984,7 +3322,6 @@ except ImportError:
    except ImportError:
        compat_filter = filter

-
 try:
    from future_builtins import zip as compat_zip
 except ImportError:  # not 2.6+ or is 3.x
@ -2994,6 +3331,82 @@ except ImportError:  # not 2.6+ or is 3.x
        compat_zip = zip


+# method renamed between Py2/3
+try:
+    from itertools import zip_longest as compat_itertools_zip_longest
+except ImportError:
+    from itertools import izip_longest as compat_itertools_zip_longest
+
+
+# new class in collections
+try:
+    from collections import ChainMap as compat_collections_chain_map
+    # Py3.3's ChainMap is deficient
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 4):
+        raise ImportError
+except ImportError:
+    # Py <= 3.3
+    class compat_collections_chain_map(compat_collections_abc.MutableMapping):
+
+        maps = [{}]
+
+        def __init__(self, *maps):
+            self.maps = list(maps) or [{}]
+
+        def __getitem__(self, k):
+            for m in self.maps:
+                if k in m:
+                    return m[k]
+            raise KeyError(k)
+
+        def __setitem__(self, k, v):
+            self.maps[0].__setitem__(k, v)
+            return
+
+        def __contains__(self, k):
+            return any((k in m) for m in self.maps)
+
+        def __delitem(self, k):
+            if k in self.maps[0]:
+                del self.maps[0][k]
+                return
+            raise KeyError(k)
+
+        def __delitem__(self, k):
+            self.__delitem(k)
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            return itertools.chain(*reversed(self.maps))
+
+        def __len__(self):
+            return len(iter(self))
+
+        # to match Py3, don't del directly
+        def pop(self, k, *args):
+            if self.__contains__(k):
+                off = self.__getitem__(k)
+                self.__delitem(k)
+                return off
+            elif len(args) > 0:
+                return args[0]
+            raise KeyError(k)
+
+        def new_child(self, m=None, **kwargs):
+            m = m or {}
+            m.update(kwargs)
+            return compat_collections_chain_map(m, *self.maps)
+
+        @property
+        def parents(self):
+            return compat_collections_chain_map(*(self.maps[1:]))
+
+
+# Pythons disagree on the type of a pattern (RegexObject, _sre.SRE_Pattern, Pattern, ...?)
+compat_re_Pattern = type(re.compile(''))
+# and on the type of a match
+compat_re_Match = type(re.match('a', 'a'))
+
+
 if sys.version_info < (3, 3):
    def compat_b64decode(s, *args, **kwargs):
        if isinstance(s, compat_str):
@ -3002,6 +3415,8 @@ if sys.version_info < (3, 3):
 else:
    compat_b64decode = base64.b64decode

+compat_base64_b64decode = compat_b64decode
+

 if platform.python_implementation() == 'PyPy' and sys.pypy_version_info < (5, 4, 0):
    # PyPy2 prior to version 5.4.0 expects byte strings as Windows function
@ -3021,28 +3436,97 @@ else:
        return ctypes.WINFUNCTYPE(*args, **kwargs)


-__all__ = [
+if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
+    # open(file, mode='r', buffering=- 1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, closefd=True) not: opener=None
+    def compat_open(file_, *args, **kwargs):
+        if len(args) > 6 or 'opener' in kwargs:
+            raise ValueError('open: unsupported argument "opener"')
+        return io.open(file_, *args, **kwargs)
+else:
+    compat_open = open
+
+
+# compat_register_utf8
+def compat_register_utf8():
+    if sys.platform == 'win32':
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/820
+        from codecs import register, lookup
+        register(
+            lambda name: lookup('utf-8') if name == 'cp65001' else None)
+
+
+# compat_datetime_timedelta_total_seconds
+try:
+    compat_datetime_timedelta_total_seconds = datetime.timedelta.total_seconds
+except AttributeError:
+    # Py 2.6
+    def compat_datetime_timedelta_total_seconds(td):
+        return (td.microseconds + (td.seconds + td.days * 24 * 3600) * 10**6) / 10**6
+
+# optional decompression packages
+# PyPi brotli package implements 'br' Content-Encoding
+try:
+    import brotli as compat_brotli
+except ImportError:
+    compat_brotli = None
+# PyPi ncompress package implements 'compress' Content-Encoding
+try:
+    import ncompress as compat_ncompress
+except ImportError:
+    compat_ncompress = None
+
+
+legacy = [
    'compat_HTMLParseError',
    'compat_HTMLParser',
    'compat_HTTPError',
-    'compat_Struct',
    'compat_b64decode',
-    'compat_basestring',
-    'compat_chr',
-    'compat_collections_abc',
    'compat_cookiejar',
    'compat_cookiejar_Cookie',
    'compat_cookies',
    'compat_cookies_SimpleCookie',
-    'compat_ctypes_WINFUNCTYPE',
    'compat_etree_Element',
-    'compat_etree_fromstring',
    'compat_etree_register_namespace',
    'compat_expanduser',
+    'compat_getpass',
+    'compat_parse_qs',
+    'compat_realpath',
+    'compat_urllib_parse_parse_qs',
+    'compat_urllib_parse_unquote',
+    'compat_urllib_parse_unquote_plus',
+    'compat_urllib_parse_unquote_to_bytes',
+    'compat_urllib_parse_urlencode',
+    'compat_urllib_parse_urlparse',
+    'compat_urlparse',
+    'compat_urlretrieve',
+    'compat_xml_parse_error',
+]
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    'compat_html_parser_HTMLParseError',
+    'compat_html_parser_HTMLParser',
+    'compat_Struct',
+    'compat_base64_b64decode',
+    'compat_basestring',
+    'compat_brotli',
+    'compat_casefold',
+    'compat_chr',
+    'compat_collections_abc',
+    'compat_collections_chain_map',
+    'compat_datetime_timedelta_total_seconds',
+    'compat_http_cookiejar',
+    'compat_http_cookiejar_Cookie',
+    'compat_http_cookies',
+    'compat_http_cookies_SimpleCookie',
+    'compat_contextlib_suppress',
+    'compat_ctypes_WINFUNCTYPE',
+    'compat_etree_fromstring',
+    'compat_etree_iterfind',
    'compat_filter',
    'compat_get_terminal_size',
    'compat_getenv',
-    'compat_getpass',
+    'compat_getpass_getpass',
    'compat_html_entities',
    'compat_html_entities_html5',
    'compat_http_client',
@ -3050,14 +3534,20 @@ __all__ = [
    'compat_input',
    'compat_integer_types',
    'compat_itertools_count',
+    'compat_itertools_zip_longest',
    'compat_kwargs',
    'compat_map',
+    'compat_ncompress',
    'compat_numeric_types',
+    'compat_open',
    'compat_ord',
    'compat_os_name',
-    'compat_parse_qs',
+    'compat_os_path_expanduser',
+    'compat_os_path_realpath',
    'compat_print',
-    'compat_realpath',
+    'compat_re_Match',
+    'compat_re_Pattern',
+    'compat_register_utf8',
    'compat_setenv',
    'compat_shlex_quote',
    'compat_shlex_split',
@ -3066,20 +3556,18 @@ __all__ = [
    'compat_struct_pack',
    'compat_struct_unpack',
    'compat_subprocess_get_DEVNULL',
+    'compat_subprocess_Popen',
    'compat_tokenize_tokenize',
    'compat_urllib_error',
    'compat_urllib_parse',
-    'compat_urllib_parse_unquote',
-    'compat_urllib_parse_unquote_plus',
-    'compat_urllib_parse_unquote_to_bytes',
-    'compat_urllib_parse_urlencode',
-    'compat_urllib_parse_urlparse',
    'compat_urllib_request',
    'compat_urllib_request_DataHandler',
    'compat_urllib_response',
-    'compat_urlparse',
-    'compat_urlretrieve',
-    'compat_xml_parse_error',
+    'compat_urllib_request_urlretrieve',
+    'compat_urllib_HTTPError',
+    'compat_xml_etree_ElementTree_Element',
+    'compat_xml_etree_ElementTree_ParseError',
+    'compat_xml_etree_register_namespace',
    'compat_xpath',
    'compat_zip',
    'workaround_optparse_bug9161',
--- a/youtube_dl/downloader/init.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/downloader/init.py
@ -50,6 +50,9 @@ def _get_suitable_downloader(info_dict, params={}):
        ed = get_external_downloader(external_downloader)
        if ed.can_download(info_dict):
            return ed
+        # Avoid using unwanted args since external_downloader was rejected
+        if params.get('external_downloader_args'):
+            params['external_downloader_args'] = None

    protocol = info_dict['protocol']
    if protocol.startswith('m3u8') and info_dict.get('is_live'):
--- a/youtube_dl/downloader/common.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/downloader/common.py
@ -88,17 +88,21 @@ class FileDownloader(object):
            return '---.-%'
        return '%6s' % ('%3.1f%%' % percent)

-    @staticmethod
-    def calc_eta(start, now, total, current):
+    @classmethod
+    def calc_eta(cls, start_or_rate, now_or_remaining, *args):
+        if len(args) < 2:
+            rate, remaining = (start_or_rate, now_or_remaining)
+            if None in (rate, remaining):
+                return None
+            return int(float(remaining) / rate)
+        start, now = (start_or_rate, now_or_remaining)
+        total, current = args[:2]
        if total is None:
            return None
        if now is None:
            now = time.time()
-        dif = now - start
-        if current == 0 or dif < 0.001:  # One millisecond
-            return None
-        rate = float(current) / dif
-        return int((float(total) - float(current)) / rate)
+        rate = cls.calc_speed(start, now, current)
+        return rate and int((float(total) - float(current)) / rate)

    @staticmethod
    def format_eta(eta):
@ -123,6 +127,12 @@ class FileDownloader(object):
    def format_retries(retries):
        return 'inf' if retries == float('inf') else '%.0f' % retries

+    @staticmethod
+    def filesize_or_none(unencoded_filename):
+        fn = encodeFilename(unencoded_filename)
+        if os.path.isfile(fn):
+            return os.path.getsize(fn)
+
    @staticmethod
    def best_block_size(elapsed_time, bytes):
        new_min = max(bytes / 2.0, 1.0)
@ -329,6 +339,10 @@ class FileDownloader(object):
    def download(self, filename, info_dict):
        """Download to a filename using the info from info_dict
        Return True on success and False otherwise
+
+        This method filters the `Cookie` header from the info_dict to prevent leaks.
+        Downloaders have their own way of handling cookies.
+        See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/security/advisories/GHSA-v8mc-9377-rwjj
        """

        nooverwrites_and_exists = (
--- a/youtube_dl/downloader/dash.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/downloader/dash.py
@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals

+import itertools
+
 from .fragment import FragmentFD
 from ..compat import compat_urllib_error
 from ..utils import (
@ -30,26 +32,28 @@ class DashSegmentsFD(FragmentFD):
        fragment_retries = self.params.get('fragment_retries', 0)
        skip_unavailable_fragments = self.params.get('skip_unavailable_fragments', True)

-        frag_index = 0
-        for i, fragment in enumerate(fragments):
-            frag_index += 1
+        for frag_index, fragment in enumerate(fragments, 1):
            if frag_index <= ctx['fragment_index']:
                continue
+            success = False
            # In DASH, the first segment contains necessary headers to
            # generate a valid MP4 file, so always abort for the first segment
-            fatal = i == 0 or not skip_unavailable_fragments
-            count = 0
-            while count <= fragment_retries:
+            fatal = frag_index == 1 or not skip_unavailable_fragments
+            fragment_url = fragment.get('url')
+            if not fragment_url:
+                assert fragment_base_url
+                fragment_url = urljoin(fragment_base_url, fragment['path'])
+            headers = info_dict.get('http_headers')
+            fragment_range = fragment.get('range')
+            if fragment_range:
+                headers = headers.copy() if headers else {}
+                headers['Range'] = 'bytes=%s' % (fragment_range,)
+            for count in itertools.count():
                try:
-                    fragment_url = fragment.get('url')
-                    if not fragment_url:
-                        assert fragment_base_url
-                        fragment_url = urljoin(fragment_base_url, fragment['path'])
-                    success, frag_content = self._download_fragment(ctx, fragment_url, info_dict)
+                    success, frag_content = self._download_fragment(ctx, fragment_url, info_dict, headers)
                    if not success:
                        return False
                    self._append_fragment(ctx, frag_content)
-                    break
                except compat_urllib_error.HTTPError as err:
                    # YouTube may often return 404 HTTP error for a fragment causing the
                    # whole download to fail. However if the same fragment is immediately
@ -57,22 +61,21 @@ class DashSegmentsFD(FragmentFD):
                    # is usually enough) thus allowing to download the whole file successfully.
                    # To be future-proof we will retry all fragments that fail with any
                    # HTTP error.
-                    count += 1
-                    if count <= fragment_retries:
-                        self.report_retry_fragment(err, frag_index, count, fragment_retries)
+                    if count < fragment_retries:
+                        self.report_retry_fragment(err, frag_index, count + 1, fragment_retries)
+                        continue
                except DownloadError:
                    # Don't retry fragment if error occurred during HTTP downloading
-                    # itself since it has own retry settings
-                    if not fatal:
-                        self.report_skip_fragment(frag_index)
-                        break
-                    raise
+                    # itself since it has its own retry settings
+                    if fatal:
+                        raise
+                break

-            if count > fragment_retries:
+            if not success:
                if not fatal:
                    self.report_skip_fragment(frag_index)
                    continue
-                self.report_error('giving up after %s fragment retries' % fragment_retries)
+                self.report_error('giving up after %s fragment retries' % count)
                return False

        self._finish_frag_download(ctx)
--- a/youtube_dl/downloader/external.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/downloader/external.py
@ -1,17 +1,24 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals

-import os.path
+import os
 import re
 import subprocess
 import sys
+import tempfile
 import time

 from .common import FileDownloader
 from ..compat import (
    compat_setenv,
    compat_str,
+    compat_subprocess_Popen,
 )
-from ..postprocessor.ffmpeg import FFmpegPostProcessor, EXT_TO_OUT_FORMATS
+
+try:
+    from ..postprocessor.ffmpeg import FFmpegPostProcessor, EXT_TO_OUT_FORMATS
+except ImportError:
+    FFmpegPostProcessor = None
+
 from ..utils import (
    cli_option,
    cli_valueless_option,
@ -22,6 +29,9 @@ from ..utils import (
    handle_youtubedl_headers,
    check_executable,
    is_outdated_version,
+    process_communicate_or_kill,
+    T,
+    traverse_obj,
 )


@ -29,6 +39,7 @@ class ExternalFD(FileDownloader):
    def real_download(self, filename, info_dict):
        self.report_destination(filename)
        tmpfilename = self.temp_name(filename)
+        self._cookies_tempfile = None

        try:
            started = time.time()
@ -41,6 +52,13 @@ class ExternalFD(FileDownloader):
            # should take place
            retval = 0
            self.to_screen('[%s] Interrupted by user' % self.get_basename())
+        finally:
+            if self._cookies_tempfile and os.path.isfile(self._cookies_tempfile):
+                try:
+                    os.remove(self._cookies_tempfile)
+                except OSError:
+                    self.report_warning(
+                        'Unable to delete temporary cookies file "{0}"'.format(self._cookies_tempfile))

        if retval == 0:
            status = {
@ -96,6 +114,16 @@ class ExternalFD(FileDownloader):
    def _configuration_args(self, default=[]):
        return cli_configuration_args(self.params, 'external_downloader_args', default)

+    def _write_cookies(self):
+        if not self.ydl.cookiejar.filename:
+            tmp_cookies = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.cookies', delete=False)
+            tmp_cookies.close()
+            self._cookies_tempfile = tmp_cookies.name
+            self.to_screen('[download] Writing temporary cookies file to "{0}"'.format(self._cookies_tempfile))
+        # real_download resets _cookies_tempfile; if it's None, save() will write to cookiejar.filename
+        self.ydl.cookiejar.save(self._cookies_tempfile, ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True)
+        return self.ydl.cookiejar.filename or self._cookies_tempfile
+
    def _call_downloader(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
        """ Either overwrite this or implement _make_cmd """
        cmd = [encodeArgument(a) for a in self._make_cmd(tmpfilename, info_dict)]
@ -104,18 +132,26 @@ class ExternalFD(FileDownloader):

        p = subprocess.Popen(
            cmd, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
-        _, stderr = p.communicate()
+        _, stderr = process_communicate_or_kill(p)
        if p.returncode != 0:
            self.to_stderr(stderr.decode('utf-8', 'replace'))
        return p.returncode

+    @staticmethod
+    def _header_items(info_dict):
+        return traverse_obj(
+            info_dict, ('http_headers', T(dict.items), Ellipsis))
+

 class CurlFD(ExternalFD):
    AVAILABLE_OPT = '-V'

    def _make_cmd(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
-        cmd = [self.exe, '--location', '-o', tmpfilename]
-        for key, val in info_dict['http_headers'].items():
+        cmd = [self.exe, '--location', '-o', tmpfilename, '--compressed']
+        cookie_header = self.ydl.cookiejar.get_cookie_header(info_dict['url'])
+        if cookie_header:
+            cmd += ['--cookie', cookie_header]
+        for key, val in self._header_items(info_dict):
            cmd += ['--header', '%s: %s' % (key, val)]
        cmd += self._bool_option('--continue-at', 'continuedl', '-', '0')
        cmd += self._valueless_option('--silent', 'noprogress')
@ -141,7 +177,7 @@ class CurlFD(ExternalFD):

        # curl writes the progress to stderr so don't capture it.
        p = subprocess.Popen(cmd)
-        p.communicate()
+        process_communicate_or_kill(p)
        return p.returncode


@ -150,8 +186,11 @@ class AxelFD(ExternalFD):

    def _make_cmd(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
        cmd = [self.exe, '-o', tmpfilename]
-        for key, val in info_dict['http_headers'].items():
+        for key, val in self._header_items(info_dict):
            cmd += ['-H', '%s: %s' % (key, val)]
+        cookie_header = self.ydl.cookiejar.get_cookie_header(info_dict['url'])
+        if cookie_header:
+            cmd += ['-H', 'Cookie: {0}'.format(cookie_header), '--max-redirect=0']
        cmd += self._configuration_args()
        cmd += ['--', info_dict['url']]
        return cmd
@ -161,8 +200,10 @@ class WgetFD(ExternalFD):
    AVAILABLE_OPT = '--version'

    def _make_cmd(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
-        cmd = [self.exe, '-O', tmpfilename, '-nv', '--no-cookies']
-        for key, val in info_dict['http_headers'].items():
+        cmd = [self.exe, '-O', tmpfilename, '-nv', '--compression=auto']
+        if self.ydl.cookiejar.get_cookie_header(info_dict['url']):
+            cmd += ['--load-cookies', self._write_cookies()]
+        for key, val in self._header_items(info_dict):
            cmd += ['--header', '%s: %s' % (key, val)]
        cmd += self._option('--limit-rate', 'ratelimit')
        retry = self._option('--tries', 'retries')
@ -171,7 +212,10 @@ class WgetFD(ExternalFD):
                retry[1] = '0'
            cmd += retry
        cmd += self._option('--bind-address', 'source_address')
-        cmd += self._option('--proxy', 'proxy')
+        proxy = self.params.get('proxy')
+        if proxy:
+            for var in ('http_proxy', 'https_proxy'):
+                cmd += ['--execute', '%s=%s' % (var, proxy)]
        cmd += self._valueless_option('--no-check-certificate', 'nocheckcertificate')
        cmd += self._configuration_args()
        cmd += ['--', info_dict['url']]
@ -181,24 +225,121 @@ class WgetFD(ExternalFD):
 class Aria2cFD(ExternalFD):
    AVAILABLE_OPT = '-v'

+    @staticmethod
+    def _aria2c_filename(fn):
+        return fn if os.path.isabs(fn) else os.path.join('.', fn)
+
    def _make_cmd(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
-        cmd = [self.exe, '-c']
-        cmd += self._configuration_args([
-            '--min-split-size', '1M', '--max-connection-per-server', '4'])
-        dn = os.path.dirname(tmpfilename)
-        if dn:
-            cmd += ['--dir', dn]
-        cmd += ['--out', os.path.basename(tmpfilename)]
-        for key, val in info_dict['http_headers'].items():
+        cmd = [self.exe, '-c',
+               '--console-log-level=warn', '--summary-interval=0', '--download-result=hide',
+               '--http-accept-gzip=true', '--file-allocation=none', '-x16', '-j16', '-s16']
+        if 'fragments' in info_dict:
+            cmd += ['--allow-overwrite=true', '--allow-piece-length-change=true']
+        else:
+            cmd += ['--min-split-size', '1M']
+
+        if self.ydl.cookiejar.get_cookie_header(info_dict['url']):
+            cmd += ['--load-cookies={0}'.format(self._write_cookies())]
+        for key, val in self._header_items(info_dict):
            cmd += ['--header', '%s: %s' % (key, val)]
+        cmd += self._configuration_args(['--max-connection-per-server', '4'])
+        cmd += ['--out', os.path.basename(tmpfilename)]
+        cmd += self._option('--max-overall-download-limit', 'ratelimit')
        cmd += self._option('--interface', 'source_address')
        cmd += self._option('--all-proxy', 'proxy')
        cmd += self._bool_option('--check-certificate', 'nocheckcertificate', 'false', 'true', '=')
        cmd += self._bool_option('--remote-time', 'updatetime', 'true', 'false', '=')
-        cmd += ['--', info_dict['url']]
+        cmd += self._bool_option('--show-console-readout', 'noprogress', 'false', 'true', '=')
+        cmd += self._configuration_args()
+
+        # aria2c strips out spaces from the beginning/end of filenames and paths.
+        # We work around this issue by adding a "./" to the beginning of the
+        # filename and relative path, and adding a "/" at the end of the path.
+        # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/276
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/20312
+        # https://github.com/aria2/aria2/issues/1373
+        dn = os.path.dirname(tmpfilename)
+        if dn:
+            cmd += ['--dir', self._aria2c_filename(dn) + os.path.sep]
+        if 'fragments' not in info_dict:
+            cmd += ['--out', self._aria2c_filename(os.path.basename(tmpfilename))]
+        cmd += ['--auto-file-renaming=false']
+        if 'fragments' in info_dict:
+            cmd += ['--file-allocation=none', '--uri-selector=inorder']
+            url_list_file = '%s.frag.urls' % (tmpfilename, )
+            url_list = []
+            for frag_index, fragment in enumerate(info_dict['fragments']):
+                fragment_filename = '%s-Frag%d' % (os.path.basename(tmpfilename), frag_index)
+                url_list.append('%s\n\tout=%s' % (fragment['url'], self._aria2c_filename(fragment_filename)))
+            stream, _ = self.sanitize_open(url_list_file, 'wb')
+            stream.write('\n'.join(url_list).encode())
+            stream.close()
+            cmd += ['-i', self._aria2c_filename(url_list_file)]
+        else:
+            cmd += ['--', info_dict['url']]
        return cmd


+class Aria2pFD(ExternalFD):
+    ''' Aria2pFD class
+    This class support to use aria2p as downloader.
+    (Aria2p, a command-line tool and Python library to interact with an aria2c daemon process
+    through JSON-RPC.)
+    It can help you to get download progress more easily.
+    To use aria2p as downloader, you need to install aria2c and aria2p, aria2p can download with pip.
+    Then run aria2c in the background and enable with the --enable-rpc option.
+    '''
+    try:
+        import aria2p
+        __avail = True
+    except ImportError:
+        __avail = False
+
+    @classmethod
+    def available(cls):
+        return cls.__avail
+
+    def _call_downloader(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
+        aria2 = self.aria2p.API(
+            self.aria2p.Client(
+                host='http://localhost',
+                port=6800,
+                secret=''
+            )
+        )
+
+        options = {
+            'min-split-size': '1M',
+            'max-connection-per-server': 4,
+            'auto-file-renaming': 'false',
+        }
+        options['dir'] = os.path.dirname(tmpfilename) or os.path.abspath('.')
+        options['out'] = os.path.basename(tmpfilename)
+        if self.ydl.cookiejar.get_cookie_header(info_dict['url']):
+            options['load-cookies'] = self._write_cookies()
+        options['header'] = []
+        for key, val in self._header_items(info_dict):
+            options['header'].append('{0}: {1}'.format(key, val))
+        download = aria2.add_uris([info_dict['url']], options)
+        status = {
+            'status': 'downloading',
+            'tmpfilename': tmpfilename,
+        }
+        started = time.time()
+        while download.status in ['active', 'waiting']:
+            download = aria2.get_download(download.gid)
+            status.update({
+                'downloaded_bytes': download.completed_length,
+                'total_bytes': download.total_length,
+                'elapsed': time.time() - started,
+                'eta': download.eta.total_seconds(),
+                'speed': download.download_speed,
+            })
+            self._hook_progress(status)
+            time.sleep(.5)
+        return download.status != 'complete'
+
+
 class HttpieFD(ExternalFD):
    @classmethod
    def available(cls):
@ -206,25 +347,34 @@ class HttpieFD(ExternalFD):

    def _make_cmd(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
        cmd = ['http', '--download', '--output', tmpfilename, info_dict['url']]
-        for key, val in info_dict['http_headers'].items():
+        for key, val in self._header_items(info_dict):
            cmd += ['%s:%s' % (key, val)]
+
+        # httpie 3.1.0+ removes the Cookie header on redirect, so this should be safe for now. [1]
+        # If we ever need cookie handling for redirects, we can export the cookiejar into a session. [2]
+        # 1: https://github.com/httpie/httpie/security/advisories/GHSA-9w4w-cpc8-h2fq
+        # 2: https://httpie.io/docs/cli/sessions
+        cookie_header = self.ydl.cookiejar.get_cookie_header(info_dict['url'])
+        if cookie_header:
+            cmd += ['Cookie:%s' % cookie_header]
        return cmd


 class FFmpegFD(ExternalFD):
    @classmethod
    def supports(cls, info_dict):
-        return info_dict['protocol'] in ('http', 'https', 'ftp', 'ftps', 'm3u8', 'rtsp', 'rtmp', 'mms')
+        return info_dict['protocol'] in ('http', 'https', 'ftp', 'ftps', 'm3u8', 'rtsp', 'rtmp', 'mms', 'http_dash_segments')

    @classmethod
    def available(cls):
-        return FFmpegPostProcessor().available
+        # actual availability can only be confirmed for an instance
+        return bool(FFmpegPostProcessor)

    def _call_downloader(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
-        url = info_dict['url']
-        ffpp = FFmpegPostProcessor(downloader=self)
+        # `downloader` means the parent `YoutubeDL`
+        ffpp = FFmpegPostProcessor(downloader=self.ydl)
        if not ffpp.available:
-            self.report_error('m3u8 download detected but ffmpeg or avconv could not be found. Please install one.')
+            self.report_error('ffmpeg required for download but no ffmpeg (nor avconv) executable could be found. Please install one.')
            return False
        ffpp.check_version()

@ -253,7 +403,15 @@ class FFmpegFD(ExternalFD):
        # if end_time:
        #     args += ['-t', compat_str(end_time - start_time)]

-        if info_dict['http_headers'] and re.match(r'^https?://', url):
+        url = info_dict['url']
+        cookies = self.ydl.cookiejar.get_cookies_for_url(url)
+        if cookies:
+            args.extend(['-cookies', ''.join(
+                '{0}={1}; path={2}; domain={3};\r\n'.format(
+                    cookie.name, cookie.value, cookie.path, cookie.domain)
+                for cookie in cookies)])
+
+        if info_dict.get('http_headers') and re.match(r'^https?://', url):
            # Trailing \r\n after each HTTP header is important to prevent warning from ffmpeg/avconv:
            # [http @ 00000000003d2fa0] No trailing CRLF found in HTTP header.
            headers = handle_youtubedl_headers(info_dict['http_headers'])
@ -333,18 +491,25 @@ class FFmpegFD(ExternalFD):

        self._debug_cmd(args)

-        proc = subprocess.Popen(args, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, env=env)
-        try:
-            retval = proc.wait()
-        except KeyboardInterrupt:
-            # subprocces.run would send the SIGKILL signal to ffmpeg and the
-            # mp4 file couldn't be played, but if we ask ffmpeg to quit it
-            # produces a file that is playable (this is mostly useful for live
-            # streams). Note that Windows is not affected and produces playable
-            # files (see https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/8300).
-            if sys.platform != 'win32':
-                proc.communicate(b'q')
-            raise
+        # From [1], a PIPE opened in Popen() should be closed, unless
+        # .communicate() is called. Avoid leaking any PIPEs by using Popen
+        # as a context manager (newer Python 3.x and compat)
+        # Fixes "Resource Warning" in test/test_downloader_external.py
+        # [1] https://devpress.csdn.net/python/62fde12d7e66823466192e48.html
+        with compat_subprocess_Popen(args, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, env=env) as proc:
+            try:
+                retval = proc.wait()
+            except BaseException as e:
+                # subprocess.run would send the SIGKILL signal to ffmpeg and the
+                # mp4 file couldn't be played, but if we ask ffmpeg to quit it
+                # produces a file that is playable (this is mostly useful for live
+                # streams). Note that Windows is not affected and produces playable
+                # files (see https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/8300).
+                if isinstance(e, KeyboardInterrupt) and sys.platform != 'win32':
+                    process_communicate_or_kill(proc, b'q')
+                else:
+                    proc.kill()
+                raise
        return retval


--- a/youtube_dl/downloader/fragment.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/downloader/fragment.py
@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class FragmentFD(FileDownloader):

    @staticmethod
    def __do_ytdl_file(ctx):
-        return not ctx['live'] and not ctx['tmpfilename'] == '-'
+        return ctx['live'] is not True and ctx['tmpfilename'] != '-'

    def _read_ytdl_file(self, ctx):
        assert 'ytdl_corrupt' not in ctx
@ -101,6 +101,13 @@ class FragmentFD(FileDownloader):
            'url': frag_url,
            'http_headers': headers or info_dict.get('http_headers'),
        }
+        frag_resume_len = 0
+        if ctx['dl'].params.get('continuedl', True):
+            frag_resume_len = self.filesize_or_none(
+                self.temp_name(fragment_filename))
+        fragment_info_dict['frag_resume_len'] = frag_resume_len
+        ctx['frag_resume_len'] = frag_resume_len or 0
+
        success = ctx['dl'].download(fragment_filename, fragment_info_dict)
        if not success:
            return False, None
@ -124,9 +131,7 @@ class FragmentFD(FileDownloader):
            del ctx['fragment_filename_sanitized']

    def _prepare_frag_download(self, ctx):
-        if 'live' not in ctx:
-            ctx['live'] = False
-        if not ctx['live']:
+        if not ctx.setdefault('live', False):
            total_frags_str = '%d' % ctx['total_frags']
            ad_frags = ctx.get('ad_frags', 0)
            if ad_frags:
@ -136,10 +141,11 @@ class FragmentFD(FileDownloader):
        self.to_screen(
            '[%s] Total fragments: %s' % (self.FD_NAME, total_frags_str))
        self.report_destination(ctx['filename'])
+        continuedl = self.params.get('continuedl', True)
        dl = HttpQuietDownloader(
            self.ydl,
            {
-                'continuedl': True,
+                'continuedl': continuedl,
                'quiet': True,
                'noprogress': True,
                'ratelimit': self.params.get('ratelimit'),
@ -150,12 +156,11 @@ class FragmentFD(FileDownloader):
        )
        tmpfilename = self.temp_name(ctx['filename'])
        open_mode = 'wb'
-        resume_len = 0

        # Establish possible resume length
-        if os.path.isfile(encodeFilename(tmpfilename)):
+        resume_len = self.filesize_or_none(tmpfilename) or 0
+        if resume_len > 0:
            open_mode = 'ab'
-            resume_len = os.path.getsize(encodeFilename(tmpfilename))

        # Should be initialized before ytdl file check
        ctx.update({
@ -164,7 +169,8 @@ class FragmentFD(FileDownloader):
        })

        if self.__do_ytdl_file(ctx):
-            if os.path.isfile(encodeFilename(self.ytdl_filename(ctx['filename']))):
+            ytdl_file_exists = os.path.isfile(encodeFilename(self.ytdl_filename(ctx['filename'])))
+            if continuedl and ytdl_file_exists:
                self._read_ytdl_file(ctx)
                is_corrupt = ctx.get('ytdl_corrupt') is True
                is_inconsistent = ctx['fragment_index'] > 0 and resume_len == 0
@ -178,7 +184,12 @@ class FragmentFD(FileDownloader):
                    if 'ytdl_corrupt' in ctx:
                        del ctx['ytdl_corrupt']
                    self._write_ytdl_file(ctx)
+
            else:
+                if not continuedl:
+                    if ytdl_file_exists:
+                        self._read_ytdl_file(ctx)
+                    ctx['fragment_index'] = resume_len = 0
                self._write_ytdl_file(ctx)
                assert ctx['fragment_index'] == 0

@ -209,6 +220,7 @@ class FragmentFD(FileDownloader):
        start = time.time()
        ctx.update({
            'started': start,
+            'fragment_started': start,
            # Amount of fragment's bytes downloaded by the time of the previous
            # frag progress hook invocation
            'prev_frag_downloaded_bytes': 0,
@ -218,6 +230,9 @@ class FragmentFD(FileDownloader):
            if s['status'] not in ('downloading', 'finished'):
                return

+            if not total_frags and ctx.get('fragment_count'):
+                state['fragment_count'] = ctx['fragment_count']
+
            time_now = time.time()
            state['elapsed'] = time_now - start
            frag_total_bytes = s.get('total_bytes') or 0
@ -232,16 +247,17 @@ class FragmentFD(FileDownloader):
                ctx['fragment_index'] = state['fragment_index']
                state['downloaded_bytes'] += frag_total_bytes - ctx['prev_frag_downloaded_bytes']
                ctx['complete_frags_downloaded_bytes'] = state['downloaded_bytes']
+                ctx['speed'] = state['speed'] = self.calc_speed(
+                    ctx['fragment_started'], time_now, frag_total_bytes)
+                ctx['fragment_started'] = time.time()
                ctx['prev_frag_downloaded_bytes'] = 0
            else:
                frag_downloaded_bytes = s['downloaded_bytes']
                state['downloaded_bytes'] += frag_downloaded_bytes - ctx['prev_frag_downloaded_bytes']
+                ctx['speed'] = state['speed'] = self.calc_speed(
+                    ctx['fragment_started'], time_now, frag_downloaded_bytes - ctx['frag_resume_len'])
                if not ctx['live']:
-                    state['eta'] = self.calc_eta(
-                        start, time_now, estimated_size - resume_len,
-                        state['downloaded_bytes'] - resume_len)
-                state['speed'] = s.get('speed') or ctx.get('speed')
-                ctx['speed'] = state['speed']
+                    state['eta'] = self.calc_eta(state['speed'], estimated_size - state['downloaded_bytes'])
                ctx['prev_frag_downloaded_bytes'] = frag_downloaded_bytes
            self._hook_progress(state)

@ -268,7 +284,7 @@ class FragmentFD(FileDownloader):
                        os.utime(ctx['filename'], (time.time(), filetime))
                    except Exception:
                        pass
-            downloaded_bytes = os.path.getsize(encodeFilename(ctx['filename']))
+            downloaded_bytes = self.filesize_or_none(ctx['filename']) or 0

        self._hook_progress({
            'downloaded_bytes': downloaded_bytes,
--- a/youtube_dl/downloader/http.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/downloader/http.py
@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ class HttpFD(FileDownloader):

        if self.params.get('continuedl', True):
            # Establish possible resume length
-            if os.path.isfile(encodeFilename(ctx.tmpfilename)):
-                ctx.resume_len = os.path.getsize(
-                    encodeFilename(ctx.tmpfilename))
+            ctx.resume_len = info_dict.get('frag_resume_len')
+            if ctx.resume_len is None:
+                ctx.resume_len = self.filesize_or_none(ctx.tmpfilename) or 0

        ctx.is_resume = ctx.resume_len > 0

@ -115,9 +115,9 @@ class HttpFD(FileDownloader):
                        raise RetryDownload(err)
                    raise err
                # When trying to resume, Content-Range HTTP header of response has to be checked
-                # to match the value of requested Range HTTP header. This is due to a webservers
+                # to match the value of requested Range HTTP header. This is due to webservers
                # that don't support resuming and serve a whole file with no Content-Range
-                # set in response despite of requested Range (see
+                # set in response despite requested Range (see
                # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/6057#issuecomment-126129799)
                if has_range:
                    content_range = ctx.data.headers.get('Content-Range')
@ -141,7 +141,8 @@ class HttpFD(FileDownloader):
                    # Content-Range is either not present or invalid. Assuming remote webserver is
                    # trying to send the whole file, resume is not possible, so wiping the local file
                    # and performing entire redownload
-                    self.report_unable_to_resume()
+                    if range_start > 0:
+                        self.report_unable_to_resume()
                    ctx.resume_len = 0
                    ctx.open_mode = 'wb'
                ctx.data_len = int_or_none(ctx.data.info().get('Content-length', None))
@ -293,10 +294,7 @@ class HttpFD(FileDownloader):

                # Progress message
                speed = self.calc_speed(start, now, byte_counter - ctx.resume_len)
-                if ctx.data_len is None:
-                    eta = None
-                else:
-                    eta = self.calc_eta(start, time.time(), ctx.data_len - ctx.resume_len, byte_counter - ctx.resume_len)
+                eta = self.calc_eta(speed, ctx.data_len and (ctx.data_len - byte_counter))

                self._hook_progress({
                    'status': 'downloading',
--- a/youtube_dl/downloader/rtmp.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/downloader/rtmp.py
@ -89,11 +89,13 @@ class RtmpFD(FileDownloader):
                                self.to_screen('')
                            cursor_in_new_line = True
                            self.to_screen('[rtmpdump] ' + line)
-            finally:
+                if not cursor_in_new_line:
+                    self.to_screen('')
+                return proc.wait()
+            except BaseException:  # Including KeyboardInterrupt
+                proc.kill()
                proc.wait()
-            if not cursor_in_new_line:
-                self.to_screen('')
-            return proc.returncode
+                raise

        url = info_dict['url']
        player_url = info_dict.get('player_url')
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/adn.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/adn.py
@ -31,30 +31,34 @@ from ..utils import (


 class ADNIE(InfoExtractor):
-    IE_DESC = 'Anime Digital Network'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?animedigitalnetwork\.fr/video/[^/]+/(?P<id>\d+)'
-    _TEST = {
-        'url': 'http://animedigitalnetwork.fr/video/blue-exorcist-kyoto-saga/7778-episode-1-debut-des-hostilites',
-        'md5': '0319c99885ff5547565cacb4f3f9348d',
+    IE_DESC = 'Animation Digital Network'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?:animation|anime)digitalnetwork\.fr/video/[^/]+/(?P<id>\d+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://animationdigitalnetwork.fr/video/fruits-basket/9841-episode-1-a-ce-soir',
+        'md5': '1c9ef066ceb302c86f80c2b371615261',
        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '7778',
+            'id': '9841',
            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Blue Exorcist - Kyôto Saga - Episode 1',
-            'description': 'md5:2f7b5aa76edbc1a7a92cedcda8a528d5',
-            'series': 'Blue Exorcist - Kyôto Saga',
-            'duration': 1467,
-            'release_date': '20170106',
+            'title': 'Fruits Basket - Episode 1',
+            'description': 'md5:14be2f72c3c96809b0ca424b0097d336',
+            'series': 'Fruits Basket',
+            'duration': 1437,
+            'release_date': '20190405',
            'comment_count': int,
            'average_rating': float,
-            'season_number': 2,
-            'episode': 'Début des hostilités',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'episode': 'À ce soir !',
            'episode_number': 1,
-        }
-    }
+        },
+        'skip': 'Only available in region (FR, ...)',
+    }, {
+        'url': 'http://animedigitalnetwork.fr/video/blue-exorcist-kyoto-saga/7778-episode-1-debut-des-hostilites',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]

-    _NETRC_MACHINE = 'animedigitalnetwork'
-    _BASE_URL = 'http://animedigitalnetwork.fr'
-    _API_BASE_URL = 'https://gw.api.animedigitalnetwork.fr/'
+    _NETRC_MACHINE = 'animationdigitalnetwork'
+    _BASE = 'animationdigitalnetwork.fr'
+    _API_BASE_URL = 'https://gw.api.' + _BASE + '/'
    _PLAYER_BASE_URL = _API_BASE_URL + 'player/'
    _HEADERS = {}
    _LOGIN_ERR_MESSAGE = 'Unable to log in'
@ -82,14 +86,14 @@ class ADNIE(InfoExtractor):
        if subtitle_location:
            enc_subtitles = self._download_webpage(
                subtitle_location, video_id, 'Downloading subtitles data',
-                fatal=False, headers={'Origin': 'https://animedigitalnetwork.fr'})
+                fatal=False, headers={'Origin': 'https://' + self._BASE})
        if not enc_subtitles:
            return None

-        # http://animedigitalnetwork.fr/components/com_vodvideo/videojs/adn-vjs.min.js
+        # http://animationdigitalnetwork.fr/components/com_vodvideo/videojs/adn-vjs.min.js
        dec_subtitles = intlist_to_bytes(aes_cbc_decrypt(
            bytes_to_intlist(compat_b64decode(enc_subtitles[24:])),
-            bytes_to_intlist(binascii.unhexlify(self._K + 'ab9f52f5baae7c72')),
+            bytes_to_intlist(binascii.unhexlify(self._K + '7fac1178830cfe0c')),
            bytes_to_intlist(compat_b64decode(enc_subtitles[:24]))
        ))
        subtitles_json = self._parse_json(
@ -138,9 +142,9 @@ Format: Marked,Start,End,Style,Name,MarginL,MarginR,MarginV,Effect,Text'''
        if not username:
            return
        try:
+            url = self._API_BASE_URL + 'authentication/login'
            access_token = (self._download_json(
-                self._API_BASE_URL + 'authentication/login', None,
-                'Logging in', self._LOGIN_ERR_MESSAGE, fatal=False,
+                url, None, 'Logging in', self._LOGIN_ERR_MESSAGE, fatal=False,
                data=urlencode_postdata({
                    'password': password,
                    'rememberMe': False,
@ -153,7 +157,8 @@ Format: Marked,Start,End,Style,Name,MarginL,MarginR,MarginV,Effect,Text'''
            message = None
            if isinstance(e.cause, compat_HTTPError) and e.cause.code == 401:
                resp = self._parse_json(
-                    e.cause.read().decode(), None, fatal=False) or {}
+                    self._webpage_read_content(e.cause, url, username),
+                    username, fatal=False) or {}
                message = resp.get('message') or resp.get('code')
            self.report_warning(message or self._LOGIN_ERR_MESSAGE)

@ -211,7 +216,9 @@ Format: Marked,Start,End,Style,Name,MarginL,MarginR,MarginV,Effect,Text'''
                    # This usually goes away with a different random pkcs1pad, so retry
                    continue

-                error = self._parse_json(e.cause.read(), video_id)
+                error = self._parse_json(
+                    self._webpage_read_content(e.cause, links_url, video_id),
+                    video_id, fatal=False) or {}
                message = error.get('message')
                if e.cause.code == 403 and error.get('code') == 'player-bad-geolocation-country':
                    self.raise_geo_restricted(msg=message)
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/aenetworks.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/aenetworks.py
@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ from ..utils import (
    ExtractorError,
    GeoRestrictedError,
    int_or_none,
+    remove_start,
+    traverse_obj,
    update_url_query,
    urlencode_postdata,
 )
@ -20,8 +22,8 @@ class AENetworksBaseIE(ThePlatformIE):
            (?:history(?:vault)?|aetv|mylifetime|lifetimemovieclub)\.com|
            fyi\.tv
        )/'''
-    _THEPLATFORM_KEY = 'crazyjava'
-    _THEPLATFORM_SECRET = 's3cr3t'
+    _THEPLATFORM_KEY = '43jXaGRQud'
+    _THEPLATFORM_SECRET = 'S10BPXHMlb'
    _DOMAIN_MAP = {
        'history.com': ('HISTORY', 'history'),
        'aetv.com': ('AETV', 'aetv'),
@ -33,14 +35,17 @@ class AENetworksBaseIE(ThePlatformIE):
    }

    def _extract_aen_smil(self, smil_url, video_id, auth=None):
-        query = {'mbr': 'true'}
+        query = {
+            'mbr': 'true',
+            'formats': 'M3U+none,MPEG-DASH+none,MPEG4,MP3',
+        }
        if auth:
            query['auth'] = auth
        TP_SMIL_QUERY = [{
            'assetTypes': 'high_video_ak',
-            'switch': 'hls_high_ak'
+            'switch': 'hls_high_ak',
        }, {
-            'assetTypes': 'high_video_s3'
+            'assetTypes': 'high_video_s3',
        }, {
            'assetTypes': 'high_video_s3',
            'switch': 'hls_high_fastly',
@ -75,7 +80,14 @@ class AENetworksBaseIE(ThePlatformIE):
        requestor_id, brand = self._DOMAIN_MAP[domain]
        result = self._download_json(
            'https://feeds.video.aetnd.com/api/v2/%s/videos' % brand,
-            filter_value, query={'filter[%s]' % filter_key: filter_value})['results'][0]
+            filter_value, query={'filter[%s]' % filter_key: filter_value})
+        result = traverse_obj(
+            result, ('results',
+                     lambda k, v: k == 0 and v[filter_key] == filter_value),
+            get_all=False)
+        if not result:
+            raise ExtractorError('Show not found in A&E feed (too new?)', expected=True,
+                                 video_id=remove_start(filter_value, '/'))
        title = result['title']
        video_id = result['id']
        media_url = result['publicUrl']
@ -126,7 +138,7 @@ class AENetworksIE(AENetworksBaseIE):
            'skip_download': True,
        },
        'add_ie': ['ThePlatform'],
-        'skip': 'This video is only available for users of participating TV providers.',
+        'skip': 'Geo-restricted - This content is not available in your location.'
    }, {
        'url': 'http://www.aetv.com/shows/duck-dynasty/season-9/episode-1',
        'info_dict': {
@ -143,6 +155,7 @@ class AENetworksIE(AENetworksBaseIE):
            'skip_download': True,
        },
        'add_ie': ['ThePlatform'],
+        'skip': 'This video is only available for users of participating TV providers.',
    }, {
        'url': 'http://www.fyi.tv/shows/tiny-house-nation/season-1/episode-8',
        'only_matching': True
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/aliexpress.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/aliexpress.py
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class AliExpressLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
            'id': '2800002704436634',
            'ext': 'mp4',
            'title': 'CASIMA7.22',
-            'thumbnail': r're:http://.*\.jpg',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg',
            'uploader': 'CASIMA Official Store',
            'timestamp': 1500717600,
            'upload_date': '20170722',
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/alsace20tv.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/alsace20tv.py
@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import (
+    clean_html,
+    dict_get,
+    get_element_by_class,
+    int_or_none,
+    unified_strdate,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+
+
+class Alsace20TVIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?alsace20\.tv/(?:[\w-]+/)+[\w-]+-(?P<id>[\w]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.alsace20.tv/VOD/Actu/JT/Votre-JT-jeudi-3-fevrier-lyNHCXpYJh.html',
+        # 'md5': 'd91851bf9af73c0ad9b2cdf76c127fbb',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'lyNHCXpYJh',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'description': 'md5:fc0bc4a0692d3d2dba4524053de4c7b7',
+            'title': 'Votre JT du jeudi 3 février',
+            'upload_date': '20220203',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
+            'duration': 1073,
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'format': 'bestvideo',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _extract_video(self, video_id, url=None):
+        info = self._download_json(
+            'https://www.alsace20.tv/visionneuse/visio_v9_js.php?key=%s&habillage=0&mode=html' % (video_id, ),
+            video_id) or {}
+        title = info['titre']
+
+        formats = []
+        for res, fmt_url in (info.get('files') or {}).items():
+            formats.extend(
+                self._extract_smil_formats(fmt_url, video_id, fatal=False)
+                if '/smil:_' in fmt_url
+                else self._extract_mpd_formats(fmt_url, video_id, mpd_id=res, fatal=False))
+        self._sort_formats(formats)
+
+        webpage = (url and self._download_webpage(url, video_id, fatal=False)) or ''
+        thumbnail = url_or_none(dict_get(info, ('image', 'preview', )) or self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage))
+        upload_date = self._search_regex(r'/(\d{6})_', thumbnail, 'upload_date', default=None)
+        upload_date = unified_strdate('20%s-%s-%s' % (upload_date[:2], upload_date[2:4], upload_date[4:])) if upload_date else None
+        return {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'title': title,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'description': clean_html(get_element_by_class('wysiwyg', webpage)),
+            'upload_date': upload_date,
+            'thumbnail': thumbnail,
+            'duration': int_or_none(self._og_search_property('video:duration', webpage) if webpage else None),
+            'view_count': int_or_none(info.get('nb_vues')),
+        }
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        return self._extract_video(video_id, url)
+
+
+class Alsace20TVEmbedIE(Alsace20TVIE):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?alsace20\.tv/emb/(?P<id>[\w]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.alsace20.tv/emb/lyNHCXpYJh',
+        # 'md5': 'd91851bf9af73c0ad9b2cdf76c127fbb',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'lyNHCXpYJh',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Votre JT du jeudi 3 février',
+            'upload_date': '20220203',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'format': 'bestvideo',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        return self._extract_video(video_id)
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/americastestkitchen.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/americastestkitchen.py
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ from ..utils import (


 class AmericasTestKitchenIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?:americastestkitchen|cooks(?:country|illustrated))\.com/(?P<resource_type>episode|videos)/(?P<id>\d+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?:americastestkitchen|cooks(?:country|illustrated))\.com/(?:cooks(?:country|illustrated)/)?(?P<resource_type>episode|videos)/(?P<id>\d+)'
    _TESTS = [{
        'url': 'https://www.americastestkitchen.com/episode/582-weeknight-japanese-suppers',
        'md5': 'b861c3e365ac38ad319cfd509c30577f',
@ -23,15 +23,20 @@ class AmericasTestKitchenIE(InfoExtractor):
            'id': '5b400b9ee338f922cb06450c',
            'title': 'Japanese Suppers',
            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': 'weeknight-japanese-suppers',
            'description': 'md5:64e606bfee910627efc4b5f050de92b3',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://',
-            'timestamp': 1523318400,
-            'upload_date': '20180410',
-            'release_date': '20180410',
+            'timestamp': 1523304000,
+            'upload_date': '20180409',
+            'release_date': '20180409',
            'series': "America's Test Kitchen",
+            'season': 'Season 18',
            'season_number': 18,
            'episode': 'Japanese Suppers',
            'episode_number': 15,
+            'duration': 1376,
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://',
+            'average_rating': 0,
+            'view_count': int,
        },
        'params': {
            'skip_download': True,
@ -44,15 +49,20 @@ class AmericasTestKitchenIE(InfoExtractor):
            'id': '5fbe8c61bda2010001c6763b',
            'title': 'Simple Chicken Dinner',
            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': 'atktv_2103_simple-chicken-dinner_full-episode_web-mp4',
            'description': 'md5:eb68737cc2fd4c26ca7db30139d109e7',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://',
-            'timestamp': 1610755200,
-            'upload_date': '20210116',
-            'release_date': '20210116',
+            'timestamp': 1610737200,
+            'upload_date': '20210115',
+            'release_date': '20210115',
            'series': "America's Test Kitchen",
+            'season': 'Season 21',
            'season_number': 21,
            'episode': 'Simple Chicken Dinner',
            'episode_number': 3,
+            'duration': 1397,
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'average_rating': 0,
        },
        'params': {
            'skip_download': True,
@ -60,6 +70,12 @@ class AmericasTestKitchenIE(InfoExtractor):
    }, {
        'url': 'https://www.americastestkitchen.com/videos/3420-pan-seared-salmon',
        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.americastestkitchen.com/cookscountry/episode/564-when-only-chocolate-will-do',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.americastestkitchen.com/cooksillustrated/videos/4478-beef-wellington',
+        'only_matching': True,
    }, {
        'url': 'https://www.cookscountry.com/episode/564-when-only-chocolate-will-do',
        'only_matching': True,
@ -94,7 +110,7 @@ class AmericasTestKitchenIE(InfoExtractor):


 class AmericasTestKitchenSeasonIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<show>americastestkitchen|cookscountry)\.com/episodes/browse/season_(?P<id>\d+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<show>americastestkitchen|(?P<cooks>cooks(?:country|illustrated)))\.com(?:(?:/(?P<show2>cooks(?:country|illustrated)))?(?:/?$|(?<!ated)(?<!ated\.com)/episodes/browse/season_(?P<season>\d+)))'
    _TESTS = [{
        # ATK Season
        'url': 'https://www.americastestkitchen.com/episodes/browse/season_1',
@ -105,48 +121,93 @@ class AmericasTestKitchenSeasonIE(InfoExtractor):
        'playlist_count': 13,
    }, {
        # Cooks Country Season
-        'url': 'https://www.cookscountry.com/episodes/browse/season_12',
+        'url': 'https://www.americastestkitchen.com/cookscountry/episodes/browse/season_12',
        'info_dict': {
            'id': 'season_12',
            'title': 'Season 12',
        },
        'playlist_count': 13,
+    }, {
+        # America's Test Kitchen Series
+        'url': 'https://www.americastestkitchen.com/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'americastestkitchen',
+            'title': 'America\'s Test Kitchen',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 558,
+    }, {
+        # Cooks Country Series
+        'url': 'https://www.americastestkitchen.com/cookscountry',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'cookscountry',
+            'title': 'Cook\'s Country',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 199,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.americastestkitchen.com/cookscountry/',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.cookscountry.com/episodes/browse/season_12',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.cookscountry.com',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.americastestkitchen.com/cooksillustrated/',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.cooksillustrated.com',
+        'only_matching': True,
    }]

    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        show_name, season_number = re.match(self._VALID_URL, url).groups()
-        season_number = int(season_number)
+        match = re.match(self._VALID_URL, url).groupdict()
+        show = match.get('show2')
+        show_path = ('/' + show) if show else ''
+        show = show or match['show']
+        season_number = int_or_none(match.get('season'))

-        slug = 'atk' if show_name == 'americastestkitchen' else 'cco'
+        slug, title = {
+            'americastestkitchen': ('atk', 'America\'s Test Kitchen'),
+            'cookscountry': ('cco', 'Cook\'s Country'),
+            'cooksillustrated': ('cio', 'Cook\'s Illustrated'),
+        }[show]

-        season = 'Season %d' % season_number
+        facet_filters = [
+            'search_document_klass:episode',
+            'search_show_slug:' + slug,
+        ]
+
+        if season_number:
+            playlist_id = 'season_%d' % season_number
+            playlist_title = 'Season %d' % season_number
+            facet_filters.append('search_season_list:' + playlist_title)
+        else:
+            playlist_id = show
+            playlist_title = title

        season_search = self._download_json(
            'https://y1fnzxui30-dsn.algolia.net/1/indexes/everest_search_%s_season_desc_production' % slug,
-            season, headers={
-                'Origin': 'https://www.%s.com' % show_name,
+            playlist_id, headers={
+                'Origin': 'https://www.americastestkitchen.com',
                'X-Algolia-API-Key': '8d504d0099ed27c1b73708d22871d805',
                'X-Algolia-Application-Id': 'Y1FNZXUI30',
            }, query={
-                'facetFilters': json.dumps([
-                    'search_season_list:' + season,
-                    'search_document_klass:episode',
-                    'search_show_slug:' + slug,
-                ]),
-                'attributesToRetrieve': 'description,search_%s_episode_number,search_document_date,search_url,title' % slug,
+                'facetFilters': json.dumps(facet_filters),
+                'attributesToRetrieve': 'description,search_%s_episode_number,search_document_date,search_url,title,search_atk_episode_season' % slug,
                'attributesToHighlight': '',
                'hitsPerPage': 1000,
            })

        def entries():
            for episode in (season_search.get('hits') or []):
-                search_url = episode.get('search_url')
+                search_url = episode.get('search_url')  # always formatted like '/episode/123-title-of-episode'
                if not search_url:
                    continue
                yield {
                    '_type': 'url',
-                    'url': 'https://www.%s.com%s' % (show_name, search_url),
-                    'id': try_get(episode, lambda e: e['objectID'].split('_')[-1]),
+                    'url': 'https://www.americastestkitchen.com%s%s' % (show_path, search_url),
+                    'id': try_get(episode, lambda e: e['objectID'].rsplit('_', 1)[-1]),
                    'title': episode.get('title'),
                    'description': episode.get('description'),
                    'timestamp': unified_timestamp(episode.get('search_document_date')),
@ -156,4 +217,4 @@ class AmericasTestKitchenSeasonIE(InfoExtractor):
                }

        return self.playlist_result(
-            entries(), 'season_%d' % season_number, season)
+            entries(), playlist_id, playlist_title)
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/bigo.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/bigo.py
@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import ExtractorError, urlencode_postdata
+
+
+class BigoIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?bigo\.tv/(?:[a-z]{2,}/)?(?P<id>[^/]+)'
+
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.bigo.tv/ja/221338632',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '6576287577575737440',
+            'title': '土よ〜💁‍♂️ 休憩室/REST room',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+',
+            'uploader': '✨Shin💫',
+            'uploader_id': '221338632',
+            'is_live': True,
+        },
+        'skip': 'livestream',
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.bigo.tv/th/Tarlerm1304',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://bigo.tv/115976881',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        user_id = self._match_id(url)
+
+        info_raw = self._download_json(
+            'https://bigo.tv/studio/getInternalStudioInfo',
+            user_id, data=urlencode_postdata({'siteId': user_id}))
+
+        if not isinstance(info_raw, dict):
+            raise ExtractorError('Received invalid JSON data')
+        if info_raw.get('code'):
+            raise ExtractorError(
+                'Bigo says: %s (code %s)' % (info_raw.get('msg'), info_raw.get('code')), expected=True)
+        info = info_raw.get('data') or {}
+
+        if not info.get('alive'):
+            raise ExtractorError('This user is offline.', expected=True)
+
+        return {
+            'id': info.get('roomId') or user_id,
+            'title': info.get('roomTopic') or info.get('nick_name') or user_id,
+            'formats': [{
+                'url': info.get('hls_src'),
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'protocol': 'm3u8',
+            }],
+            'thumbnail': info.get('snapshot'),
+            'uploader': info.get('nick_name'),
+            'uploader_id': user_id,
+            'is_live': True,
+        }
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/bilibili.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/bilibili.py
@ -369,6 +369,11 @@ class BilibiliAudioIE(BilibiliAudioBaseIE):
            'filesize': int_or_none(play_data.get('size')),
        }]

+        for a_format in formats:
+            a_format.setdefault('http_headers', {}).update({
+                'Referer': url,
+            })
+
        song = self._call_api('song/info', au_id)
        title = song['title']
        statistic = song.get('statistic') or {}
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/blerp.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/blerp.py
@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import json
+
+from ..utils import (
+    strip_or_none,
+    traverse_obj,
+)
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+
+
+class BlerpIE(InfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = 'blerp'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?blerp\.com/soundbites/(?P<id>[0-9a-zA-Z]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://blerp.com/soundbites/6320fe8745636cb4dd677a5a',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '6320fe8745636cb4dd677a5a',
+            'title': 'Samsung Galaxy S8 Over the Horizon Ringtone 2016',
+            'uploader': 'luminousaj',
+            'uploader_id': '5fb81e51aa66ae000c395478',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'tags': ['samsung', 'galaxy', 's8', 'over the horizon', '2016', 'ringtone'],
+        }
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://blerp.com/soundbites/5bc94ef4796001000498429f',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '5bc94ef4796001000498429f',
+            'title': 'Yee',
+            'uploader': '179617322678353920',
+            'uploader_id': '5ba99cf71386730004552c42',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'tags': ['YEE', 'YEET', 'wo ha haah catchy tune yee', 'yee']
+        }
+    }]
+
+    _GRAPHQL_OPERATIONNAME = "webBitePageGetBite"
+    _GRAPHQL_QUERY = (
+        '''query webBitePageGetBite($_id: MongoID!) {
+            web {
+                biteById(_id: $_id) {
+                    ...bitePageFrag
+                    __typename
+                }
+                __typename
+            }
+        }
+
+        fragment bitePageFrag on Bite {
+            _id
+            title
+            userKeywords
+            keywords
+            color
+            visibility
+            isPremium
+            owned
+            price
+            extraReview
+            isAudioExists
+            image {
+                filename
+                original {
+                    url
+                    __typename
+                }
+                __typename
+            }
+            userReactions {
+                _id
+                reactions
+                createdAt
+                __typename
+            }
+            topReactions
+            totalSaveCount
+            saved
+            blerpLibraryType
+            license
+            licenseMetaData
+            playCount
+            totalShareCount
+            totalFavoriteCount
+            totalAddedToBoardCount
+            userCategory
+            userAudioQuality
+            audioCreationState
+            transcription
+            userTranscription
+            description
+            createdAt
+            updatedAt
+            author
+            listingType
+            ownerObject {
+                _id
+                username
+                profileImage {
+                    filename
+                    original {
+                        url
+                        __typename
+                    }
+                    __typename
+                }
+                __typename
+            }
+            transcription
+            favorited
+            visibility
+            isCurated
+            sourceUrl
+            audienceRating
+            strictAudienceRating
+            ownerId
+            reportObject {
+                reportedContentStatus
+                __typename
+            }
+            giphy {
+                mp4
+                gif
+                __typename
+            }
+            audio {
+                filename
+                original {
+                    url
+                    __typename
+                }
+                mp3 {
+                    url
+                    __typename
+                }
+                __typename
+            }
+            __typename
+        }
+
+        ''')
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        audio_id = self._match_id(url)
+
+        data = {
+            'operationName': self._GRAPHQL_OPERATIONNAME,
+            'query': self._GRAPHQL_QUERY,
+            'variables': {
+                '_id': audio_id
+            }
+        }
+
+        headers = {
+            'Content-Type': 'application/json'
+        }
+
+        json_result = self._download_json('https://api.blerp.com/graphql',
+                                          audio_id, data=json.dumps(data).encode('utf-8'), headers=headers)
+
+        bite_json = json_result['data']['web']['biteById']
+
+        info_dict = {
+            'id': bite_json['_id'],
+            'url': bite_json['audio']['mp3']['url'],
+            'title': bite_json['title'],
+            'uploader': traverse_obj(bite_json, ('ownerObject', 'username'), expected_type=strip_or_none),
+            'uploader_id': traverse_obj(bite_json, ('ownerObject', '_id'), expected_type=strip_or_none),
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'tags': list(filter(None, map(strip_or_none, (traverse_obj(bite_json, 'userKeywords', expected_type=list) or []))) or None)
+        }
+
+        return info_dict
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/bongacams.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/bongacams.py
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# coding: utf-8
 from __future__ import unicode_literals

 import re
@ -12,13 +13,28 @@ from ..utils import (


 class BongaCamsIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?P<host>(?:[^/]+\.)?bongacams\d*\.com)/(?P<id>[^/?&#]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?P<host>(?:[^/]+\.)?bongacams\d*\.(?:com|net))/(?P<id>[^/?&#]+)'
    _TESTS = [{
        'url': 'https://de.bongacams.com/azumi-8',
        'only_matching': True,
    }, {
        'url': 'https://cn.bongacams.com/azumi-8',
        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://de.bongacams.net/claireashton',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'claireashton',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': r're:ClaireAshton \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}',
+            'age_limit': 18,
+            'uploader_id': 'ClaireAshton',
+            'uploader': 'ClaireAshton',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'is_live': True,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
    }]

    def _real_extract(self, url):
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/caffeine.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/caffeine.py
@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import (
+    determine_ext,
+    int_or_none,
+    merge_dicts,
+    parse_iso8601,
+    T,
+    traverse_obj,
+    txt_or_none,
+    urljoin,
+)
+
+
+class CaffeineTVIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?caffeine\.tv/[^/]+/video/(?P<id>[0-9a-f-]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.caffeine.tv/TsuSurf/video/cffc0a00-e73f-11ec-8080-80017d29f26e',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'cffc0a00-e73f-11ec-8080-80017d29f26e',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'GOOOOD MORNINNNNN #highlights',
+            'timestamp': 1654702180,
+            'upload_date': '20220608',
+            'uploader': 'TsuSurf',
+            'duration': 3145,
+            'age_limit': 17,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'format': 'bestvideo',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        json_data = self._download_json(
+            'https://api.caffeine.tv/social/public/activity/' + video_id,
+            video_id)
+        broadcast_info = traverse_obj(json_data, ('broadcast_info', T(dict))) or {}
+        title = broadcast_info['broadcast_title']
+        video_url = broadcast_info['video_url']
+
+        ext = determine_ext(video_url)
+        if ext == 'm3u8':
+            formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+                video_url, video_id, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8',
+                fatal=False)
+        else:
+            formats = [{'url': video_url}]
+        self._sort_formats(formats)
+
+        return merge_dicts({
+            'id': video_id,
+            'title': title,
+            'formats': formats,
+        }, traverse_obj(json_data, {
+            'uploader': ((None, 'user'), 'username'),
+        }, get_all=False), traverse_obj(json_data, {
+            'like_count': ('like_count', T(int_or_none)),
+            'view_count': ('view_count', T(int_or_none)),
+            'comment_count': ('comment_count', T(int_or_none)),
+            'tags': ('tags', Ellipsis, T(txt_or_none)),
+            'is_live': 'is_live',
+            'uploader': ('user', 'name'),
+        }), traverse_obj(broadcast_info, {
+            'duration': ('content_duration', T(int_or_none)),
+            'timestamp': ('broadcast_start_time', T(parse_iso8601)),
+            'thumbnail': ('preview_image_path', T(lambda u: urljoin(url, u))),
+            'age_limit': ('content_rating', T(lambda r: r and {
+                # assume Apple Store ratings [1]
+                # 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_software_content_rating_system
+                'FOUR_PLUS': 0,
+                'NINE_PLUS': 9,
+                'TWELVE_PLUS': 12,
+                'SEVENTEEN_PLUS': 17,
+            }.get(r, 17))),
+        }))
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/callin.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/callin.py
@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..compat import compat_str
+from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    traverse_obj,
+    try_get,
+)
+
+
+class CallinIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?callin\.com/episode/(?:[^/#?-]+-)*(?P<id>[^/#?-]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.callin.com/episode/fcc-commissioner-brendan-carr-on-elons-PrumRdSQJW',
+        'md5': '14ede27ee2c957b7e4db93140fc0745c',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'PrumRdSQJW',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'FCC Commissioner Brendan Carr on Elon’s Starlink',
+            'description': 'Or, why the government doesn’t like SpaceX',
+            'channel': 'The Pull Request',
+            'channel_url': 'https://callin.com/show/the-pull-request-ucnDJmEKAa',
+        }
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.callin.com/episode/episode-81-elites-melt-down-over-student-debt-lzxMidUnjA',
+        'md5': '16f704ddbf82a27e3930533b12062f07',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'lzxMidUnjA',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Episode 81- Elites MELT DOWN over Student Debt Victory? Rumble in NYC?',
+            'description': 'Let’s talk todays episode about the primary election shake up in NYC and the elites melting down over student debt cancelation.',
+            'channel': 'The DEBRIEF With Briahna Joy Gray',
+            'channel_url': 'https://callin.com/show/the-debrief-with-briahna-joy-gray-siiFDzGegm',
+        }
+    }]
+
+    def _search_nextjs_data(self, webpage, video_id, transform_source=None, fatal=True, **kw):
+        return self._parse_json(
+            self._search_regex(
+                r'(?s)<script[^>]+id=[\'"]__NEXT_DATA__[\'"][^>]*>([^<]+)</script>',
+                webpage, 'next.js data', fatal=fatal, **kw),
+            video_id, transform_source=transform_source, fatal=fatal)
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+
+        next_data = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, video_id)
+        episode = traverse_obj(next_data, ('props', 'pageProps', 'episode'), expected_type=dict)
+        if not episode:
+            raise ExtractorError('Failed to find episode data')
+
+        title = episode.get('title') or self._og_search_title(webpage)
+        description = episode.get('description') or self._og_search_description(webpage)
+
+        formats = []
+        formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+            episode.get('m3u8'), video_id, 'mp4',
+            entry_protocol='m3u8_native', fatal=False))
+        self._sort_formats(formats)
+
+        channel = try_get(episode, lambda x: x['show']['title'], compat_str)
+        channel_url = try_get(episode, lambda x: x['show']['linkObj']['resourceUrl'], compat_str)
+
+        return {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'title': title,
+            'description': description,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'channel': channel,
+            'channel_url': channel_url,
+        }
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/cammodels.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/cammodels.py
@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from __future__ import unicode_literals

 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
    int_or_none,
    url_or_none,
 )
@ -20,32 +19,11 @@ class CamModelsIE(InfoExtractor):
    def _real_extract(self, url):
        user_id = self._match_id(url)

-        webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            url, user_id, headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
-
-        manifest_root = self._html_search_regex(
-            r'manifestUrlRoot=([^&\']+)', webpage, 'manifest', default=None)
-
-        if not manifest_root:
-            ERRORS = (
-                ("I'm offline, but let's stay connected", 'This user is currently offline'),
-                ('in a private show', 'This user is in a private show'),
-                ('is currently performing LIVE', 'This model is currently performing live'),
-            )
-            for pattern, message in ERRORS:
-                if pattern in webpage:
-                    error = message
-                    expected = True
-                    break
-            else:
-                error = 'Unable to find manifest URL root'
-                expected = False
-            raise ExtractorError(error, expected=expected)
-
        manifest = self._download_json(
-            '%s%s.json' % (manifest_root, user_id), user_id)
+            'https://manifest-server.naiadsystems.com/live/s:%s.json' % user_id, user_id)

        formats = []
+        thumbnails = []
        for format_id, format_dict in manifest['formats'].items():
            if not isinstance(format_dict, dict):
                continue
@ -85,6 +63,13 @@ class CamModelsIE(InfoExtractor):
                        'preference': -1,
                    })
                else:
+                    if format_id == 'jpeg':
+                        thumbnails.append({
+                            'url': f['url'],
+                            'width': f['width'],
+                            'height': f['height'],
+                            'format_id': f['format_id'],
+                        })
                    continue
                formats.append(f)
        self._sort_formats(formats)
@ -92,6 +77,7 @@ class CamModelsIE(InfoExtractor):
        return {
            'id': user_id,
            'title': self._live_title(user_id),
+            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
            'is_live': True,
            'formats': formats,
            'age_limit': 18
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/ceskatelevize.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/ceskatelevize.py
@ -12,35 +12,21 @@ from ..utils import (
    ExtractorError,
    float_or_none,
    sanitized_Request,
-    unescapeHTML,
-    update_url_query,
+    str_or_none,
+    traverse_obj,
    urlencode_postdata,
    USER_AGENTS,
 )


 class CeskaTelevizeIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?ceskatelevize\.cz/ivysilani/(?:[^/?#&]+/)*(?P<id>[^/#?]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?ceskatelevize\.cz/(?:ivysilani|porady|zive)/(?:[^/?#&]+/)*(?P<id>[^/#?]+)'
    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/ivysilani/10441294653-hyde-park-civilizace/214411058091220',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '61924494877246241',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Hyde Park Civilizace: Život v Grónsku',
-            'description': 'md5:3fec8f6bb497be5cdb0c9e8781076626',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
-            'duration': 3350,
-        },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }, {
        'url': 'http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/10441294653-hyde-park-civilizace/215411058090502/bonus/20641-bonus-01-en',
        'info_dict': {
            'id': '61924494877028507',
            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Hyde Park Civilizace: Bonus 01 - En',
+            'title': 'Bonus 01 - En - Hyde Park Civilizace',
            'description': 'English Subtittles',
            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
            'duration': 81.3,
@ -51,31 +37,111 @@ class CeskaTelevizeIE(InfoExtractor):
        },
    }, {
        # live stream
-        'url': 'http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/zive/ct4/',
+        'url': 'http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/zive/ct1/',
        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 402,
+            'id': '102',
            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': r're:^ČT Sport \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}$',
+            'title': r'ČT1 - živé vysílání online',
+            'description': 'Sledujte živé vysílání kanálu ČT1 online. Vybírat si můžete i z dalších kanálů České televize na kterémkoli z vašich zařízení.',
            'is_live': True,
        },
        'params': {
            # m3u8 download
            'skip_download': True,
        },
-        'skip': 'Georestricted to Czech Republic',
+    }, {
+        # another
+        'url': 'http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/zive/ct4/',
+        'only_matching': True,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 402,
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': r're:^ČT Sport \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}$',
+            'is_live': True,
+        },
+        # 'skip': 'Georestricted to Czech Republic',
    }, {
        'url': 'http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/embed/iFramePlayer.php?hash=d6a3e1370d2e4fa76296b90bad4dfc19673b641e&IDEC=217 562 22150/0004&channelID=1&width=100%25',
        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # video with 18+ caution trailer
+        'url': 'http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/porady/10520528904-queer/215562210900007-bogotart/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '215562210900007-bogotart',
+            'title': 'Bogotart - Queer',
+            'description': 'Hlavní město Kolumbie v doprovodu queer umělců. Vroucí svět plný vášně, sebevědomí, ale i násilí a bolesti',
+        },
+        'playlist': [{
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': '61924494877311053',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'title': 'Bogotart - Queer (Varování 18+)',
+                'duration': 11.9,
+            },
+        }, {
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': '61924494877068022',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'title': 'Bogotart - Queer (Queer)',
+                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
+                'duration': 1558.3,
+            },
+        }],
+        'params': {
+            # m3u8 download
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
+    }, {
+        # iframe embed
+        'url': 'http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/porady/10614999031-neviditelni/21251212048/',
+        'only_matching': True,
    }]

+    def _search_nextjs_data(self, webpage, video_id, **kw):
+        return self._parse_json(
+            self._search_regex(
+                r'(?s)<script[^>]+id=[\'"]__NEXT_DATA__[\'"][^>]*>([^<]+)</script>',
+                webpage, 'next.js data', **kw),
+            video_id, **kw)
+
    def _real_extract(self, url):
        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(url, playlist_id)
+        parsed_url = compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(urlh.geturl())
+        site_name = self._og_search_property('site_name', webpage, fatal=False, default='Česká televize')
+        playlist_title = self._og_search_title(webpage, default=None)
+        if site_name and playlist_title:
+            playlist_title = re.split(r'\s*[—|]\s*%s' % (site_name, ), playlist_title, 1)[0]
+        playlist_description = self._og_search_description(webpage, default=None)
+        if playlist_description:
+            playlist_description = playlist_description.replace('\xa0', ' ')

-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
+        type_ = 'IDEC'
+        if re.search(r'(^/porady|/zive)/', parsed_url.path):
+            next_data = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, playlist_id)
+            if '/zive/' in parsed_url.path:
+                idec = traverse_obj(next_data, ('props', 'pageProps', 'data', 'liveBroadcast', 'current', 'idec'), get_all=False)
+            else:
+                idec = traverse_obj(next_data, ('props', 'pageProps', 'data', ('show', 'mediaMeta'), 'idec'), get_all=False)
+                if not idec:
+                    idec = traverse_obj(next_data, ('props', 'pageProps', 'data', 'videobonusDetail', 'bonusId'), get_all=False)
+                    if idec:
+                        type_ = 'bonus'
+            if not idec:
+                raise ExtractorError('Failed to find IDEC id')
+            iframe_hash = self._download_webpage(
+                'https://www.ceskatelevize.cz/v-api/iframe-hash/',
+                playlist_id, note='Getting IFRAME hash')
+            query = {'hash': iframe_hash, 'origin': 'iVysilani', 'autoStart': 'true', type_: idec, }
+            webpage = self._download_webpage(
+                'https://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/embed/iFramePlayer.php',
+                playlist_id, note='Downloading player', query=query)

        NOT_AVAILABLE_STRING = 'This content is not available at your territory due to limited copyright.'
        if '%s</p>' % NOT_AVAILABLE_STRING in webpage:
-            raise ExtractorError(NOT_AVAILABLE_STRING, expected=True)
+            self.raise_geo_restricted(NOT_AVAILABLE_STRING)
+        if any(not_found in webpage for not_found in ('Neplatný parametr pro videopřehrávač', 'IDEC nebyl nalezen', )):
+            raise ExtractorError('no video with IDEC available', video_id=idec, expected=True)

        type_ = None
        episode_id = None
@ -100,7 +166,7 @@ class CeskaTelevizeIE(InfoExtractor):
        data = {
            'playlist[0][type]': type_,
            'playlist[0][id]': episode_id,
-            'requestUrl': compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(url).path,
+            'requestUrl': parsed_url.path,
            'requestSource': 'iVysilani',
        }

@ -108,7 +174,7 @@ class CeskaTelevizeIE(InfoExtractor):

        for user_agent in (None, USER_AGENTS['Safari']):
            req = sanitized_Request(
-                'https://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/ajax/get-client-playlist',
+                'https://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/ajax/get-client-playlist/',
                data=urlencode_postdata(data))

            req.add_header('Content-type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded')
@ -130,9 +196,6 @@ class CeskaTelevizeIE(InfoExtractor):
            req = sanitized_Request(compat_urllib_parse_unquote(playlist_url))
            req.add_header('Referer', url)

-            playlist_title = self._og_search_title(webpage, default=None)
-            playlist_description = self._og_search_description(webpage, default=None)
-
            playlist = self._download_json(req, playlist_id, fatal=False)
            if not playlist:
                continue
@ -167,7 +230,7 @@ class CeskaTelevizeIE(InfoExtractor):
                    entries[num]['formats'].extend(formats)
                    continue

-                item_id = item.get('id') or item['assetId']
+                item_id = str_or_none(item.get('id') or item['assetId'])
                title = item['title']

                duration = float_or_none(item.get('duration'))
@ -181,8 +244,6 @@ class CeskaTelevizeIE(InfoExtractor):

                if playlist_len == 1:
                    final_title = playlist_title or title
-                    if is_live:
-                        final_title = self._live_title(final_title)
                else:
                    final_title = '%s (%s)' % (playlist_title, title)

@ -200,6 +261,8 @@ class CeskaTelevizeIE(InfoExtractor):
        for e in entries:
            self._sort_formats(e['formats'])

+        if len(entries) == 1:
+            return entries[0]
        return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id, playlist_title, playlist_description)

    def _get_subtitles(self, episode_id, subs):
@ -236,54 +299,3 @@ class CeskaTelevizeIE(InfoExtractor):
                    yield line

        return '\r\n'.join(_fix_subtitle(subtitles))
-
-
-class CeskaTelevizePoradyIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?ceskatelevize\.cz/porady/(?:[^/?#&]+/)*(?P<id>[^/#?]+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        # video with 18+ caution trailer
-        'url': 'http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/porady/10520528904-queer/215562210900007-bogotart/',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '215562210900007-bogotart',
-            'title': 'Queer: Bogotart',
-            'description': 'Alternativní průvodce současným queer světem',
-        },
-        'playlist': [{
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '61924494876844842',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Queer: Bogotart (Varování 18+)',
-                'duration': 10.2,
-            },
-        }, {
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '61924494877068022',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Queer: Bogotart (Queer)',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
-                'duration': 1558.3,
-            },
-        }],
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }, {
-        # iframe embed
-        'url': 'http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/porady/10614999031-neviditelni/21251212048/',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-
-        data_url = update_url_query(unescapeHTML(self._search_regex(
-            (r'<span[^>]*\bdata-url=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
-             r'<iframe[^>]+\bsrc=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:www\.)?ceskatelevize\.cz/ivysilani/embed/iFramePlayer\.php.*?)\1'),
-            webpage, 'iframe player url', group='url')), query={
-                'autoStart': 'true',
-        })
-
-        return self.url_result(data_url, ie=CeskaTelevizeIE.ie_key())
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/clipchamp.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/clipchamp.py
@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..compat import compat_str
+from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    merge_dicts,
+    T,
+    traverse_obj,
+    unified_timestamp,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+
+
+class ClipchampIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?clipchamp\.com/watch/(?P<id>[\w-]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://clipchamp.com/watch/gRXZ4ZhdDaU',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'gRXZ4ZhdDaU',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Untitled video',
+            'uploader': 'Alexander Schwartz',
+            'timestamp': 1680805580,
+            'upload_date': '20230406',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg',
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
+            'format': 'bestvideo',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    _STREAM_URL_TMPL = 'https://%s.cloudflarestream.com/%s/manifest/video.%s'
+    _STREAM_URL_QUERY = {'parentOrigin': 'https://clipchamp.com'}
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+        data = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, video_id)['props']['pageProps']['video']
+
+        storage_location = data.get('storage_location')
+        if storage_location != 'cf_stream':
+            raise ExtractorError('Unsupported clip storage location "%s"' % (storage_location,))
+
+        path = data['download_url']
+        iframe = self._download_webpage(
+            'https://iframe.cloudflarestream.com/' + path, video_id, 'Downloading player iframe')
+        subdomain = self._search_regex(
+            r'''\bcustomer-domain-prefix\s*=\s*("|')(?P<sd>[\w-]+)\1''', iframe,
+            'subdomain', group='sd', fatal=False) or 'customer-2ut9yn3y6fta1yxe'
+
+        formats = self._extract_mpd_formats(
+            self._STREAM_URL_TMPL % (subdomain, path, 'mpd'), video_id,
+            query=self._STREAM_URL_QUERY, fatal=False, mpd_id='dash')
+        formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+            self._STREAM_URL_TMPL % (subdomain, path, 'm3u8'), video_id, 'mp4',
+            query=self._STREAM_URL_QUERY, fatal=False, m3u8_id='hls'))
+
+        return merge_dicts({
+            'id': video_id,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'uploader': ' '.join(traverse_obj(data, ('creator', ('first_name', 'last_name'), T(compat_str)))) or None,
+        }, traverse_obj(data, {
+            'title': ('project', 'project_name', T(compat_str)),
+            'timestamp': ('created_at', T(unified_timestamp)),
+            'thumbnail': ('thumbnail_url', T(url_or_none)),
+        }), rev=True)
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/cpac.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/cpac.py
@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..compat import compat_str
+from ..utils import (
+    int_or_none,
+    str_or_none,
+    try_get,
+    unified_timestamp,
+    update_url_query,
+    urljoin,
+)
+
+# compat_range
+try:
+    if callable(xrange):
+        range = xrange
+except (NameError, TypeError):
+    pass
+
+
+class CPACIE(InfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = 'cpac'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?cpac\.ca/(?P<fr>l-)?episode\?id=(?P<id>[\da-f]{8}(?:-[\da-f]{4}){3}-[\da-f]{12})'
+    _TEST = {
+        # 'url': 'http://www.cpac.ca/en/programs/primetime-politics/episodes/65490909',
+        'url': 'https://www.cpac.ca/episode?id=fc7edcae-4660-47e1-ba61-5b7f29a9db0f',
+        'md5': 'e46ad699caafd7aa6024279f2614e8fa',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'fc7edcae-4660-47e1-ba61-5b7f29a9db0f',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'upload_date': '20220215',
+            'title': 'News Conference to Celebrate National Kindness Week – February 15, 2022',
+            'description': 'md5:466a206abd21f3a6f776cdef290c23fb',
+            'timestamp': 1644901200,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'format': 'bestvideo',
+            'hls_prefer_native': True,
+        },
+    }
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        url_lang = 'fr' if '/l-episode?' in url else 'en'
+
+        content = self._download_json(
+            'https://www.cpac.ca/api/1/services/contentModel.json?url=/site/website/episode/index.xml&crafterSite=cpacca&id=' + video_id,
+            video_id)
+        video_url = try_get(content, lambda x: x['page']['details']['videoUrl'], compat_str)
+        formats = []
+        if video_url:
+            content = content['page']
+            title = str_or_none(content['details']['title_%s_t' % (url_lang, )])
+            formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(video_url, video_id, m3u8_id='hls', ext='mp4')
+            for fmt in formats:
+                # prefer language to match URL
+                fmt_lang = fmt.get('language')
+                if fmt_lang == url_lang:
+                    fmt['language_preference'] = 10
+                elif not fmt_lang:
+                    fmt['language_preference'] = -1
+                else:
+                    fmt['language_preference'] = -10
+
+        self._sort_formats(formats)
+
+        category = str_or_none(content['details']['category_%s_t' % (url_lang, )])
+
+        def is_live(v_type):
+            return (v_type == 'live') if v_type is not None else None
+
+        return {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'title': title,
+            'description': str_or_none(content['details'].get('description_%s_t' % (url_lang, ))),
+            'timestamp': unified_timestamp(content['details'].get('liveDateTime')),
+            'category': [category] if category else None,
+            'thumbnail': urljoin(url, str_or_none(content['details'].get('image_%s_s' % (url_lang, )))),
+            'is_live': is_live(content['details'].get('type')),
+        }
+
+
+class CPACPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = 'cpac:playlist'
+    _VALID_URL = r'(?i)https?://(?:www\.)?cpac\.ca/(?:program|search|(?P<fr>emission|rechercher))\?(?:[^&]+&)*?(?P<id>(?:id=\d+|programId=\d+|key=[^&]+))'
+
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.cpac.ca/program?id=6',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'id=6',
+            'title': 'Headline Politics',
+            'description': 'Watch CPAC’s signature long-form coverage of the day’s pressing political events as they unfold.',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 10,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.cpac.ca/search?key=hudson&type=all&order=desc',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'key=hudson',
+            'title': 'hudson',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 22,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.cpac.ca/search?programId=50',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'programId=50',
+            'title': '50',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 9,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.cpac.ca/emission?id=6',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.cpac.ca/rechercher?key=hudson&type=all&order=desc',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        url_lang = 'fr' if any(x in url for x in ('/emission?', '/rechercher?')) else 'en'
+        pl_type, list_type = ('program', 'itemList') if any(x in url for x in ('/program?', '/emission?')) else ('search', 'searchResult')
+        api_url = (
+            'https://www.cpac.ca/api/1/services/contentModel.json?url=/site/website/%s/index.xml&crafterSite=cpacca&%s'
+            % (pl_type, video_id, ))
+        content = self._download_json(api_url, video_id)
+        entries = []
+        total_pages = int_or_none(try_get(content, lambda x: x['page'][list_type]['totalPages']), default=1)
+        for page in range(1, total_pages + 1):
+            if page > 1:
+                api_url = update_url_query(api_url, {'page': '%d' % (page, ), })
+                content = self._download_json(
+                    api_url, video_id,
+                    note='Downloading continuation - %d' % (page, ),
+                    fatal=False)
+
+            for item in try_get(content, lambda x: x['page'][list_type]['item'], list) or []:
+                episode_url = urljoin(url, try_get(item, lambda x: x['url_%s_s' % (url_lang, )]))
+                if episode_url:
+                    entries.append(episode_url)
+
+        return self.playlist_result(
+            (self.url_result(entry) for entry in entries),
+            playlist_id=video_id,
+            playlist_title=try_get(content, lambda x: x['page']['program']['title_%s_t' % (url_lang, )]) or video_id.split('=')[-1],
+            playlist_description=try_get(content, lambda x: x['page']['program']['description_%s_t' % (url_lang, )]),
+        )
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/dlf.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/dlf.py
@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import re
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..compat import (
+    compat_str,
+)
+from ..utils import (
+    determine_ext,
+    extract_attributes,
+    int_or_none,
+    merge_dicts,
+    traverse_obj,
+    url_or_none,
+    variadic,
+)
+
+
+class DLFBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL_BASE = r'https?://(?:www\.)?deutschlandfunk\.de/'
+    _BUTTON_REGEX = r'(<button[^>]+alt="Anhören"[^>]+data-audio-diraid[^>]*>)'
+
+    def _parse_button_attrs(self, button, audio_id=None):
+        attrs = extract_attributes(button)
+        audio_id = audio_id or attrs['data-audio-diraid']
+
+        url = traverse_obj(
+            attrs, 'data-audio-download-src', 'data-audio', 'data-audioreference',
+            'data-audio-src', expected_type=url_or_none)
+        ext = determine_ext(url)
+        formats = (self._extract_m3u8_formats(url, audio_id, fatal=False)
+                   if ext == 'm3u8' else [{'url': url, 'ext': ext, 'vcodec': 'none'}])
+        self._sort_formats(formats)
+
+        def traverse_attrs(path):
+            path = list(variadic(path))
+            t = path.pop() if callable(path[-1]) else None
+            return traverse_obj(attrs, path, expected_type=t, get_all=False)
+
+        def txt_or_none(v, default=None):
+            return default if v is None else (compat_str(v).strip() or default)
+
+        return merge_dicts(*reversed([{
+            'id': audio_id,
+            # 'extractor_key': DLFIE.ie_key(),
+            # 'extractor': DLFIE.IE_NAME,
+            'formats': formats,
+        }, dict((k, traverse_attrs(v)) for k, v in {
+            'title': (('data-audiotitle', 'data-audio-title', 'data-audio-download-tracking-title'), txt_or_none),
+            'duration': (('data-audioduration', 'data-audio-duration'), int_or_none),
+            'thumbnail': ('data-audioimage', url_or_none),
+            'uploader': 'data-audio-producer',
+            'series': 'data-audio-series',
+            'channel': 'data-audio-origin-site-name',
+            'webpage_url': ('data-audio-download-tracking-path', url_or_none),
+        }.items())]))
+
+
+class DLFIE(DLFBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'dlf'
+    _VALID_URL = DLFBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE + r'[\w-]+-dlf-(?P<id>[\da-f]{8})-100\.html'
+    _TESTS = [
+        # Audio as an HLS stream
+        {
+            'url': 'https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/tanz-der-saiteninstrumente-das-wild-strings-trio-aus-slowenien-dlf-03a3eb19-100.html',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': '03a3eb19',
+                'title': r're:Tanz der Saiteninstrumente [-/] Das Wild Strings Trio aus Slowenien',
+                'ext': 'm4a',
+                'duration': 3298,
+                'thumbnail': 'https://assets.deutschlandfunk.de/FALLBACK-IMAGE-AUDIO/512x512.png?t=1603714364673',
+                'uploader': 'Deutschlandfunk',
+                'series': 'On Stage',
+                'channel': 'deutschlandfunk'
+            },
+            'params': {
+                'skip_download': 'm3u8'
+            },
+            'skip': 'This webpage no longer exists'
+        }, {
+            'url': 'https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/russische-athleten-kehren-zurueck-auf-die-sportbuehne-ein-gefaehrlicher-tueroeffner-dlf-d9cc1856-100.html',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': 'd9cc1856',
+                'title': 'Russische Athleten kehren zurück auf die Sportbühne: Ein gefährlicher Türöffner',
+                'ext': 'mp3',
+                'duration': 291,
+                'thumbnail': 'https://assets.deutschlandfunk.de/FALLBACK-IMAGE-AUDIO/512x512.png?t=1603714364673',
+                'uploader': 'Deutschlandfunk',
+                'series': 'Kommentare und Themen der Woche',
+                'channel': 'deutschlandfunk'
+            }
+        },
+    ]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        audio_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, audio_id)
+
+        return self._parse_button_attrs(
+            self._search_regex(self._BUTTON_REGEX, webpage, 'button'), audio_id)
+
+
+class DLFCorpusIE(DLFBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'dlf:corpus'
+    IE_DESC = 'DLF Multi-feed Archives'
+    _VALID_URL = DLFBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE + r'(?P<id>(?![\w-]+-dlf-[\da-f]{8})[\w-]+-\d+)\.html'
+    _TESTS = [
+        # Recorded news broadcast with referrals to related broadcasts
+        {
+            'url': 'https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/fechten-russland-belarus-ukraine-protest-100.html',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': 'fechten-russland-belarus-ukraine-protest-100',
+                'title': r're:Wiederzulassung als neutrale Athleten [-/] Was die Rückkehr russischer und belarussischer Sportler beim Fechten bedeutet',
+                'description': 'md5:91340aab29c71aa7518ad5be13d1e8ad'
+            },
+            'playlist_mincount': 5,
+            'playlist': [{
+                'info_dict': {
+                    'id': '1fc5d64a',
+                    'title': r're:Wiederzulassung als neutrale Athleten [-/] Was die Rückkehr russischer und belarussischer Sportler beim Fechten bedeutet',
+                    'ext': 'mp3',
+                    'duration': 252,
+                    'thumbnail': 'https://assets.deutschlandfunk.de/aad16241-6b76-4a09-958b-96d0ee1d6f57/512x512.jpg?t=1679480020313',
+                    'uploader': 'Deutschlandfunk',
+                    'series': 'Sport',
+                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk'
+                }
+            }, {
+                'info_dict': {
+                    'id': '2ada145f',
+                    'title': r're:(?:Sportpolitik / )?Fechtverband votiert für Rückkehr russischer Athleten',
+                    'ext': 'mp3',
+                    'duration': 336,
+                    'thumbnail': 'https://assets.deutschlandfunk.de/FILE_93982766f7317df30409b8a184ac044a/512x512.jpg?t=1678547581005',
+                    'uploader': 'Deutschlandfunk',
+                    'series': 'Deutschlandfunk Nova',
+                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk-nova'
+                }
+            }, {
+                'info_dict': {
+                    'id': '5e55e8c9',
+                    'title': r're:Wiederzulassung von Russland und Belarus [-/] "Herumlavieren" des Fechter-Bundes sorgt für Unverständnis',
+                    'ext': 'mp3',
+                    'duration': 187,
+                    'thumbnail': 'https://assets.deutschlandfunk.de/a595989d-1ed1-4a2e-8370-b64d7f11d757/512x512.jpg?t=1679173825412',
+                    'uploader': 'Deutschlandfunk',
+                    'series': 'Sport am Samstag',
+                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk'
+                }
+            }, {
+                'info_dict': {
+                    'id': '47e1a096',
+                    'title': r're:Rückkehr Russlands im Fechten [-/] "Fassungslos, dass es einfach so passiert ist"',
+                    'ext': 'mp3',
+                    'duration': 602,
+                    'thumbnail': 'https://assets.deutschlandfunk.de/da4c494a-21cc-48b4-9cc7-40e09fd442c2/512x512.jpg?t=1678562155770',
+                    'uploader': 'Deutschlandfunk',
+                    'series': 'Sport am Samstag',
+                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk'
+                }
+            }, {
+                'info_dict': {
+                    'id': '5e55e8c9',
+                    'title': r're:Wiederzulassung von Russland und Belarus [-/] "Herumlavieren" des Fechter-Bundes sorgt für Unverständnis',
+                    'ext': 'mp3',
+                    'duration': 187,
+                    'thumbnail': 'https://assets.deutschlandfunk.de/a595989d-1ed1-4a2e-8370-b64d7f11d757/512x512.jpg?t=1679173825412',
+                    'uploader': 'Deutschlandfunk',
+                    'series': 'Sport am Samstag',
+                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk'
+                }
+            }]
+        },
+        # Podcast feed with tag buttons, playlist count fluctuates
+        {
+            'url': 'https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/kommentare-und-themen-der-woche-100.html',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': 'kommentare-und-themen-der-woche-100',
+                'title': 'Meinung - Kommentare und Themen der Woche',
+                'description': 'md5:2901bbd65cd2d45e116d399a099ce5d5',
+            },
+            'playlist_mincount': 10,
+        },
+        # Podcast feed with no description
+        {
+            'url': 'https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/podcast-tolle-idee-100.html',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': 'podcast-tolle-idee-100',
+                'title': 'Wissenschaftspodcast - Tolle Idee! - Was wurde daraus?',
+            },
+            'playlist_mincount': 11,
+        },
+    ]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
+
+        return self.playlist_result(
+            map(self._parse_button_attrs, re.findall(self._BUTTON_REGEX, webpage)),
+            playlist_id, self._html_search_meta(['og:title', 'twitter:title'], webpage, default=None),
+            self._html_search_meta(['description', 'og:description', 'twitter:description'], webpage, default=None))
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/epidemicsound.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/epidemicsound.py
@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import (
+    float_or_none,
+    T,
+    traverse_obj,
+    txt_or_none,
+    unified_timestamp,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+
+
+class EpidemicSoundIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?epidemicsound\.com/track/(?P<id>[0-9a-zA-Z]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.epidemicsound.com/track/yFfQVRpSPz/',
+        'md5': 'd98ff2ddb49e8acab9716541cbc9dfac',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '45014',
+            'display_id': 'yFfQVRpSPz',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'tags': ['foley', 'door', 'knock', 'glass', 'window', 'glass door knock'],
+            'title': 'Door Knock Door 1',
+            'duration': 1,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.epidemicsound.com/curation-assets/commercial-release-cover-images/default-sfx/3000x3000.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1415320353,
+            'upload_date': '20141107',
+            'age_limit': None,
+            # check that the "best" format was found, since test file MD5 doesn't
+            # distinguish the formats
+            'format': 'full',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.epidemicsound.com/track/mj8GTTwsZd/',
+        'md5': 'c82b745890f9baf18dc2f8d568ee3830',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '148700',
+            'display_id': 'mj8GTTwsZd',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'tags': ['liquid drum n bass', 'energetic'],
+            'title': 'Noplace',
+            'duration': 237,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.epidemicsound.com/curation-assets/commercial-release-cover-images/11138/3000x3000.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1694426482,
+            'release_timestamp': 1700535606,
+            'upload_date': '20230911',
+            'age_limit': None,
+            'format': 'full',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        json_data = self._download_json('https://www.epidemicsound.com/json/track/' + video_id, video_id)
+
+        def fmt_or_none(f):
+            if not f.get('format'):
+                f['format'] = f.get('format_id')
+            elif not f.get('format_id'):
+                f['format_id'] = f['format']
+            if not (f['url'] and f['format']):
+                return
+            if f.get('format_note'):
+                f['format_note'] = 'track ID ' + f['format_note']
+            f['preference'] = -1 if f['format'] == 'full' else -2
+            return f
+
+        formats = traverse_obj(json_data, (
+            'stems', T(dict.items), Ellipsis, {
+                'format': (0, T(txt_or_none)),
+                'format_note': (1, 's3TrackId', T(txt_or_none)),
+                'format_id': (1, 'stemType', T(txt_or_none)),
+                'url': (1, 'lqMp3Url', T(url_or_none)),
+            }, T(fmt_or_none)))
+
+        self._sort_formats(formats)
+
+        info = traverse_obj(json_data, {
+            'id': ('id', T(txt_or_none)),
+            'tags': ('metadataTags', Ellipsis, T(txt_or_none)),
+            'title': ('title', T(txt_or_none)),
+            'duration': ('length', T(float_or_none)),
+            'timestamp': ('added', T(unified_timestamp)),
+            'thumbnail': (('imageUrl', 'cover'), T(url_or_none)),
+            'age_limit': ('isExplicit', T(lambda b: 18 if b else None)),
+            'release_timestamp': ('releaseDate', T(unified_timestamp)),
+        }, get_all=False)
+
+        info.update(traverse_obj(json_data, {
+            'categories': ('genres', Ellipsis, 'tag', T(txt_or_none)),
+            'tags': ('metadataTags', Ellipsis, T(txt_or_none)),
+        }))
+
+        info.update({
+            'display_id': video_id,
+            'formats': formats,
+        })
+
+        return info
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/extractors.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/extractors.py
@ -51,6 +51,10 @@ from .anvato import AnvatoIE
 from .aol import AolIE
 from .allocine import AllocineIE
 from .aliexpress import AliExpressLiveIE
+from .alsace20tv import (
+    Alsace20TVIE,
+    Alsace20TVEmbedIE,
+)
 from .apa import APAIE
 from .aparat import AparatIE
 from .appleconnect import AppleConnectIE
@ -115,6 +119,7 @@ from .bfmtv import (
 )
 from .bibeltv import BibelTVIE
 from .bigflix import BigflixIE
+from .bigo import BigoIE
 from .bild import BildIE
 from .bilibili import (
    BiliBiliIE,
@ -133,6 +138,7 @@ from .bleacherreport import (
    BleacherReportIE,
    BleacherReportCMSIE,
 )
+from .blerp import BlerpIE
 from .bloomberg import BloombergIE
 from .bokecc import BokeCCIE
 from .bongacams import BongaCamsIE
@ -153,6 +159,8 @@ from .businessinsider import BusinessInsiderIE
 from .buzzfeed import BuzzFeedIE
 from .byutv import BYUtvIE
 from .c56 import C56IE
+from .caffeine import CaffeineTVIE
+from .callin import CallinIE
 from .camdemy import (
    CamdemyIE,
    CamdemyFolderIE
@ -203,10 +211,7 @@ from .ccc import (
 from .ccma import CCMAIE
 from .cctv import CCTVIE
 from .cda import CDAIE
-from .ceskatelevize import (
-    CeskaTelevizeIE,
-    CeskaTelevizePoradyIE,
-)
+from .ceskatelevize import CeskaTelevizeIE
 from .channel9 import Channel9IE
 from .charlierose import CharlieRoseIE
 from .chaturbate import ChaturbateIE
@ -222,6 +227,7 @@ from .ciscolive import (
    CiscoLiveSearchIE,
 )
 from .cjsw import CJSWIE
+from .clipchamp import ClipchampIE
 from .cliphunter import CliphunterIE
 from .clippit import ClippitIE
 from .cliprs import ClipRsIE
@ -254,6 +260,10 @@ from .commonprotocols import (
 from .condenast import CondeNastIE
 from .contv import CONtvIE
 from .corus import CorusIE
+from .cpac import (
+    CPACIE,
+    CPACPlaylistIE,
+)
 from .cracked import CrackedIE
 from .crackle import CrackleIE
 from .crooksandliars import CrooksAndLiarsIE
@ -287,6 +297,10 @@ from .dbtv import DBTVIE
 from .dctp import DctpTvIE
 from .deezer import DeezerPlaylistIE
 from .democracynow import DemocracynowIE
+from .dlf import (
+    DLFCorpusIE,
+    DLFIE,
+)
 from .dfb import DFBIE
 from .dhm import DHMIE
 from .digg import DiggIE
@ -344,6 +358,7 @@ from .ellentube import (
 from .elpais import ElPaisIE
 from .embedly import EmbedlyIE
 from .engadget import EngadgetIE
+from .epidemicsound import EpidemicSoundIE
 from .eporner import EpornerIE
 from .eroprofile import EroProfileIE
 from .escapist import EscapistIE
@ -368,6 +383,7 @@ from .fc2 import (
    FC2EmbedIE,
 )
 from .fczenit import FczenitIE
+from .fifa import FifaIE
 from .filmon import (
    FilmOnIE,
    FilmOnChannelIE,
@ -427,6 +443,7 @@ from .gamespot import GameSpotIE
 from .gamestar import GameStarIE
 from .gaskrank import GaskrankIE
 from .gazeta import GazetaIE
+from .gbnews import GBNewsIE
 from .gdcvault import GDCVaultIE
 from .gedidigital import GediDigitalIE
 from .generic import GenericIE
@ -434,6 +451,13 @@ from .gfycat import GfycatIE
 from .giantbomb import GiantBombIE
 from .giga import GigaIE
 from .glide import GlideIE
+from .globalplayer import (
+    GlobalPlayerLiveIE,
+    GlobalPlayerLivePlaylistIE,
+    GlobalPlayerAudioIE,
+    GlobalPlayerAudioEpisodeIE,
+    GlobalPlayerVideoIE
+)
 from .globo import (
    GloboIE,
    GloboArticleIE,
@ -470,6 +494,7 @@ from .hotstar import (
 )
 from .howcast import HowcastIE
 from .howstuffworks import HowStuffWorksIE
+from .hrfernsehen import HRFernsehenIE
 from .hrti import (
    HRTiIE,
    HRTiPlaylistIE,
@ -546,8 +571,10 @@ from .khanacademy import (
 from .kickstarter import KickStarterIE
 from .kinja import KinjaEmbedIE
 from .kinopoisk import KinoPoiskIE
+from .kommunetv import KommunetvIE
 from .konserthusetplay import KonserthusetPlayIE
 from .krasview import KrasViewIE
+from .kth import KTHIE
 from .ku6 import Ku6IE
 from .kusi import KUSIIE
 from .kuwo import (
@ -717,6 +744,7 @@ from .myvi import (
    MyviIE,
    MyviEmbedIE,
 )
+from .myvideoge import MyVideoGeIE
 from .myvidster import MyVidsterIE
 from .nationalgeographic import (
    NationalGeographicVideoIE,
@ -870,21 +898,13 @@ from .ooyala import (
 )
 from .ora import OraTVIE
 from .orf import (
-    ORFTVthekIE,
-    ORFFM4IE,
+    ORFONIE,
+    ORFONLiveIE,
    ORFFM4StoryIE,
-    ORFOE1IE,
-    ORFOE3IE,
-    ORFNOEIE,
-    ORFWIEIE,
-    ORFBGLIE,
-    ORFOOEIE,
-    ORFSTMIE,
-    ORFKTNIE,
-    ORFSBGIE,
-    ORFTIRIE,
-    ORFVBGIE,
    ORFIPTVIE,
+    ORFPodcastIE,
+    ORFRadioIE,
+    ORFRadioCollectionIE,
 )
 from .outsidetv import OutsideTVIE
 from .packtpub import (
@ -901,6 +921,10 @@ from .parliamentliveuk import ParliamentLiveUKIE
 from .patreon import PatreonIE
 from .pbs import PBSIE
 from .pearvideo import PearVideoIE
+from .peekvids import (
+    PeekVidsIE,
+    PlayVidsIE,
+)
 from .peertube import PeerTubeIE
 from .people import PeopleIE
 from .performgroup import PerformGroupIE
@ -957,6 +981,10 @@ from .pornhub import (
 from .pornotube import PornotubeIE
 from .pornovoisines import PornoVoisinesIE
 from .pornoxo import PornoXOIE
+from .pr0gramm import (
+    Pr0grammIE,
+    Pr0grammStaticIE,
+)
 from .puhutv import (
    PuhuTVIE,
    PuhuTVSerieIE,
@ -994,6 +1022,10 @@ from .raywenderlich import (
    RayWenderlichIE,
    RayWenderlichCourseIE,
 )
+from .rbgtum import (
+    RbgTumIE,
+    RbgTumCourseIE,
+)
 from .rbmaradio import RBMARadioIE
 from .rds import RDSIE
 from .redbulltv import (
@ -1049,6 +1081,10 @@ from .rutube import (
 from .rutv import RUTVIE
 from .ruutu import RuutuIE
 from .ruv import RuvIE
+from .s4c import (
+    S4CIE,
+    S4CSeriesIE,
+)
 from .safari import (
    SafariIE,
    SafariApiIE,
@ -1184,6 +1220,7 @@ from .storyfire import (
 from .streamable import StreamableIE
 from .streamcloud import StreamcloudIE
 from .streamcz import StreamCZIE
+from .streamsb import StreamsbIE
 from .streetvoice import StreetVoiceIE
 from .stretchinternet import StretchInternetIE
 from .stv import STVPlayerIE
@ -1253,6 +1290,11 @@ from .theweatherchannel import TheWeatherChannelIE
 from .thisamericanlife import ThisAmericanLifeIE
 from .thisav import ThisAVIE
 from .thisoldhouse import ThisOldHouseIE
+from .thisvid import (
+    ThisVidIE,
+    ThisVidMemberIE,
+    ThisVidPlaylistIE,
+)
 from .threeqsdn import ThreeQSDNIE
 from .tiktok import (
    TikTokIE,
@ -1537,6 +1579,7 @@ from .weibo import (
    WeiboMobileIE
 )
 from .weiqitv import WeiqiTVIE
+from .whyp import WhypIE
 from .wistia import (
    WistiaIE,
    WistiaPlaylistIE,
@ -1602,7 +1645,15 @@ from .younow import (
    YouNowChannelIE,
    YouNowMomentIE,
 )
-from .youporn import YouPornIE
+from .youporn import (
+    YouPornIE,
+    YouPornCategoryIE,
+    YouPornChannelIE,
+    YouPornCollectionIE,
+    YouPornStarIE,
+    YouPornTagIE,
+    YouPornVideosIE,
+)
 from .yourporn import YourPornIE
 from .yourupload import YourUploadIE
 from .youtube import (
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/fifa.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/fifa.py
@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+
+from ..utils import (
+    int_or_none,
+    traverse_obj,
+    unified_timestamp,
+)
+
+if not callable(getattr(InfoExtractor, '_match_valid_url', None)):
+
+    BaseInfoExtractor = InfoExtractor
+
+    import re
+
+    class InfoExtractor(BaseInfoExtractor):
+
+        @classmethod
+        def _match_valid_url(cls, url):
+            return re.match(cls._VALID_URL, url)
+
+
+class FifaIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/(?P<locale>\w{2})/watch/([^#?]+/)?(?P<id>\w+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/watch/7on10qPcnyLajDDU3ntg6y',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '7on10qPcnyLajDDU3ntg6y',
+            'title': 'Italy v France | Final | 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany™ | Full Match Replay',
+            'description': 'md5:f4520d0ee80529c8ba4134a7d692ff8b',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'categories': ['FIFA Tournaments'],
+            'thumbnail': 'https://digitalhub.fifa.com/transform/135e2656-3a51-407b-8810-6c34bec5b59b/FMR_2006_Italy_France_Final_Hero',
+            'duration': 8165,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/pt/watch/1cg5r5Qt6Qt12ilkDgb1sV',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1cg5r5Qt6Qt12ilkDgb1sV',
+            'title': 'Brazil v Germany | Semi-finals | 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil™ | Extended Highlights',
+            'description': 'md5:d908c74ee66322b804ae2e521b02a855',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'categories': ['FIFA Tournaments', 'Highlights'],
+            'thumbnail': 'https://digitalhub.fifa.com/transform/d8fe6f61-276d-4a73-a7fe-6878a35fd082/FIFAPLS_100EXTHL_2014BRAvGER_TMB',
+            'duration': 902,
+            'release_timestamp': 1404777600,
+            'release_date': '20140708',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/fr/watch/3C6gQH9C2DLwzNx7BMRQdp',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3C6gQH9C2DLwzNx7BMRQdp',
+            'title': 'Josimar goal against Northern Ireland | Classic Goals',
+            'description': 'md5:cbe7e7bb52f603c9f1fe9a4780fe983b',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'categories': ['FIFA Tournaments', 'Goal'],
+            'duration': 28,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://digitalhub.fifa.com/transform/f9301391-f8d9-48b5-823e-c093ac5e3e11/CG_MEN_1986_JOSIMAR',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id, locale = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'locale')
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+
+        preconnect_link = self._search_regex(
+            r'<link\b[^>]+\brel\s*=\s*"preconnect"[^>]+href\s*=\s*"([^"]+)"', webpage, 'Preconnect Link')
+
+        video_details = self._download_json(
+            '{preconnect_link}/sections/videoDetails/{video_id}'.format(**locals()), video_id, 'Downloading Video Details', fatal=False)
+
+        preplay_parameters = self._download_json(
+            '{preconnect_link}/videoPlayerData/{video_id}'.format(**locals()), video_id, 'Downloading Preplay Parameters')['preplayParameters']
+
+        content_data = self._download_json(
+            # 1. query string is expected to be sent as-is
+            # 2. `sig` must be appended
+            # 3. if absent, the call appears to work but the manifest is bad (404)
+            'https://content.uplynk.com/preplay/{contentId}/multiple.json?{queryStr}&sig={signature}'.format(**preplay_parameters),
+            video_id, 'Downloading Content Data')
+
+        # formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(content_data['playURL'], video_id)
+        formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats(content_data['playURL'], video_id, ext='mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native'), None
+        self._sort_formats(formats)
+
+        return {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'title': video_details['title'],
+            'description': video_details.get('description'),
+            'duration': int_or_none(video_details.get('duration')),
+            'release_timestamp': unified_timestamp(video_details.get('dateOfRelease')),
+            'categories': traverse_obj(video_details, (('videoCategory', 'videoSubcategory'),)),
+            'thumbnail': traverse_obj(video_details, ('backgroundImage', 'src')),
+            'formats': formats,
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
+        }
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/gbnews.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/gbnews.py
@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import (
+    extract_attributes,
+    ExtractorError,
+    T,
+    traverse_obj,
+    txt_or_none,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+
+
+class GBNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
+    IE_DESC = 'GB News clips, features and live stream'
+
+    # \w+ is normally shows or news, but apparently any word redirects to the correct URL
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?gbnews\.(?:uk|com)/(?:\w+/)?(?P<id>[^#?]+)'
+
+    _PLATFORM = 'safari'
+    _SSMP_URL = 'https://mm-v2.simplestream.com/ssmp/api.php'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.gbnews.uk/shows/andrew-neils-message-to-companies-choosing-to-boycott-gb-news/106889',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '106889',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': "Andrew Neil's message to companies choosing to boycott GB News",
+            'description': 'md5:b281f5d22fd6d5eda64a4e3ba771b351',
+        },
+        'skip': '404 not found',
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.gbnews.com/news/bbc-claudine-gay-harvard-university-antisemitism-row',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '52264136',
+            'display_id': 'bbc-claudine-gay-harvard-university-antisemitism-row',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'BBC deletes post after furious backlash over headline downplaying antisemitism',
+            'description': 'The post was criticised by former employers of the broadcaster',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.gbnews.uk/watchlive',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1069',
+            'display_id': 'watchlive',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'GB News Live',
+            'is_live': True,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        display_id = self._match_id(url).split('/')[-1]
+
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
+        # extraction based on https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/29341
+        '''
+        <div id="video-106908"
+            class="simplestream"
+            data-id="GB001"
+            data-type="vod"
+            data-key="3Li3Nt2Qs8Ct3Xq9Fi5Uy0Mb2Bj0Qs"
+            data-token="f9c317c727dc07f515b20036c8ef14a6"
+            data-expiry="1624300052"
+            data-uvid="37900558"
+            data-poster="https://thumbnails.simplestreamcdn.com/gbnews/ondemand/37900558.jpg?width=700&"
+            data-npaw="false"
+            data-env="production">
+        '''
+        # exception if no match
+        video_data = self._search_regex(
+            r'(<div\s[^>]*\bclass\s*=\s*(\'|")(?!.*sidebar\b)simplestream(?:\s[\s\w$-]*)?\2[^>]*>)',
+            webpage, 'video data')
+
+        video_data = extract_attributes(video_data)
+        ss_id = video_data.get('data-id')
+        if not ss_id:
+            raise ExtractorError('Simplestream ID not found')
+
+        json_data = self._download_json(
+            self._SSMP_URL, display_id,
+            note='Downloading Simplestream JSON metadata',
+            errnote='Unable to download Simplestream JSON metadata',
+            query={
+                'id': ss_id,
+                'env': video_data.get('data-env', 'production'),
+            }, fatal=False)
+
+        meta_url = traverse_obj(json_data, ('response', 'api_hostname'))
+        if not meta_url:
+            raise ExtractorError('No API host found')
+
+        uvid = video_data['data-uvid']
+        dtype = video_data.get('data-type')
+        stream_data = self._download_json(
+            '%s/api/%s/stream/%s' % (meta_url, 'show' if dtype == 'vod' else dtype, uvid),
+            uvid,
+            query={
+                'key': video_data.get('data-key'),
+                'platform': self._PLATFORM,
+            },
+            headers={
+                'Token': video_data.get('data-token'),
+                'Token-Expiry': video_data.get('data-expiry'),
+                'Uvid': uvid,
+            }, fatal=False)
+
+        stream_url = traverse_obj(stream_data, (
+            'response', 'stream', T(url_or_none)))
+        if not stream_url:
+            raise ExtractorError('No stream data/URL')
+
+        # now known to be a dict
+        stream_data = stream_data['response']
+        drm = stream_data.get('drm')
+        if drm:
+            self.report_drm(uvid)
+
+        formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+            stream_url, uvid, ext='mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native',
+            fatal=False)
+        # exception if no formats
+        self._sort_formats(formats)
+
+        return {
+            'id': uvid,
+            'display_id': display_id,
+            'title': (traverse_obj(stream_data, ('title', T(txt_or_none)))
+                      or self._og_search_title(webpage, default=None)
+                      or display_id.replace('-', ' ').capitalize()),
+            'description': self._og_search_description(webpage, default=None),
+            'thumbnail': (traverse_obj(video_data, ('data-poster', T(url_or_none)))
+                          or self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage)),
+            'formats': formats,
+            'is_live': (dtype == 'live') or None,
+        }
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/generic.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/generic.py
@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ from ..utils import (
    mimetype2ext,
    orderedSet,
    parse_duration,
+    parse_resolution,
    sanitized_Request,
    smuggle_url,
    unescapeHTML,
@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ from ..utils import (
    unsmuggle_url,
    UnsupportedError,
    url_or_none,
+    urljoin,
    xpath_attr,
    xpath_text,
    xpath_with_ns,
@ -2227,6 +2229,116 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
            # Sibnet embed (https://help.sibnet.ru/?sibnet_video_embed)
            'url': 'https://phpbb3.x-tk.ru/bbcode-video-sibnet-t24.html',
            'only_matching': True,
+        }, {
+            # KVS Player
+            'url': 'https://www.kvs-demo.com/videos/105/kelis-4th-of-july/',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': '105',
+                'display_id': 'kelis-4th-of-july',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'title': 'Kelis - 4th Of July',
+                'thumbnail': r're:https://(?:www\.)?kvs-demo.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/105/preview.jpg',
+            },
+        }, {
+            # KVS Player
+            'url': 'https://www.kvs-demo.com/embed/105/',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': '105',
+                'display_id': 'kelis-4th-of-july',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'title': 'Kelis - 4th Of July / Embed Player',
+                'thumbnail': r're:https://(?:www\.)?kvs-demo.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/105/preview.jpg',
+            },
+            'params': {
+                'skip_download': True,
+            },
+        }, {
+            # KVS Player (tested also in thisvid.py)
+            'url': 'https://youix.com/video/leningrad-zoj/',
+            'md5': '94f96ba95706dc3880812b27b7d8a2b8',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': '18485',
+                'display_id': 'leningrad-zoj',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'title': 'Клип: Ленинград - ЗОЖ скачать, смотреть онлайн | Youix.com',
+                'thumbnail': r're:https://youix.com/contents/videos_screenshots/18000/18485/preview(?:_480x320_youix_com.mp4)?\.jpg',
+            },
+        }, {
+            # KVS Player
+            'url': 'https://youix.com/embed/18485',
+            'md5': '94f96ba95706dc3880812b27b7d8a2b8',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': '18485',
+                'display_id': 'leningrad-zoj',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'title': 'Ленинград - ЗОЖ',
+                'thumbnail': r're:https://youix.com/contents/videos_screenshots/18000/18485/preview(?:_480x320_youix_com.mp4)?\.jpg',
+            },
+        }, {
+            # KVS Player
+            'url': 'https://bogmedia.org/videos/21217/40-nochey-40-nights-2016/',
+            'md5': '94166bdb26b4cb1fb9214319a629fc51',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': '21217',
+                'display_id': '40-nochey-2016',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'title': '40 ночей (2016) - BogMedia.org',
+                'description': 'md5:4e6d7d622636eb7948275432eb256dc3',
+                'thumbnail': 'https://bogmedia.org/contents/videos_screenshots/21000/21217/preview_480p.mp4.jpg',
+            },
+        }, {
+            # KVS Player (for sites that serve kt_player.js via non-https urls)
+            'url': 'http://www.camhub.world/embed/389508',
+            'md5': 'fbe89af4cfb59c8fd9f34a202bb03e32',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': '389508',
+                'display_id': 'syren-de-mer-onlyfans-05-07-2020have-a-happy-safe-holiday5f014e68a220979bdb8cd-source',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'title': 'Syren De Mer  onlyfans_05-07-2020Have_a_happy_safe_holiday5f014e68a220979bdb8cd_source / Embed плеер',
+                'thumbnail': r're:https?://www\.camhub\.world/contents/videos_screenshots/389000/389508/preview\.mp4\.jpg',
+            },
+        }, {
+            'url': 'https://mrdeepfakes.com/video/5/selena-gomez-pov-deep-fakes',
+            'md5': 'fec4ad5ec150f655e0c74c696a4a2ff4',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': '5',
+                'display_id': 'selena-gomez-pov-deep-fakes',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'title': 'Selena Gomez POV (Deep Fakes) DeepFake Porn - MrDeepFakes',
+                'description': 'md5:17d1f84b578c9c26875ac5ef9a932354',
+                'height': 720,
+                'age_limit': 18,
+            },
+        }, {
+            'url': 'https://shooshtime.com/videos/284002/just-out-of-the-shower-joi/',
+            'md5': 'e2f0a4c329f7986280b7328e24036d60',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': '284002',
+                'display_id': 'just-out-of-the-shower-joi',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'title': 'Just Out Of The Shower JOI - Shooshtime',
+                'height': 720,
+                'age_limit': 18,
+            },
+        }, {
+            # would like to use the yt-dl test video but searching for
+            # '"\'/\\ä↭𝕐' fails, so using an old vid from YouTube Korea
+            'note': 'Test default search',
+            'url': 'Shorts로 허락 필요없이 놀자! (BTS편)',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': 'usDGO4Zb-dc',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'title': 'YouTube Shorts로 허락 필요없이 놀자! (BTS편)',
+                'description': 'md5:96e31607eba81ab441567b5e289f4716',
+                'upload_date': '20211107',
+                'uploader': 'YouTube Korea',
+                'location': '대한민국',
+            },
+            'params': {
+                'default_search': 'ytsearch',
+                'skip_download': True,
+            },
+            'expected_warnings': ['uploader id'],
        },
    ]

@ -2332,6 +2444,88 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
            'title': title,
        }

+    def _extract_kvs(self, url, webpage, video_id):
+
+        def getlicensetoken(license):
+            modlicense = license.replace('$', '').replace('0', '1')
+            center = int(len(modlicense) / 2)
+            fronthalf = int(modlicense[:center + 1])
+            backhalf = int(modlicense[center:])
+
+            modlicense = compat_str(4 * abs(fronthalf - backhalf))
+
+            def parts():
+                for o in range(0, center + 1):
+                    for i in range(1, 5):
+                        yield compat_str((int(license[o + i]) + int(modlicense[o])) % 10)
+
+            return ''.join(parts())
+
+        def getrealurl(video_url, license_code):
+            if not video_url.startswith('function/0/'):
+                return video_url  # not obfuscated
+
+            url_path, _, url_query = video_url.partition('?')
+            urlparts = url_path.split('/')[2:]
+            license = getlicensetoken(license_code)
+            newmagic = urlparts[5][:32]
+
+            def spells(x, o):
+                l = (o + sum(int(n) for n in license[o:])) % 32
+                for i in range(0, len(x)):
+                    yield {l: x[o], o: x[l]}.get(i, x[i])
+
+            for o in range(len(newmagic) - 1, -1, -1):
+                newmagic = ''.join(spells(newmagic, o))
+
+            urlparts[5] = newmagic + urlparts[5][32:]
+            return '/'.join(urlparts) + '?' + url_query
+
+        flashvars = self._search_regex(
+            r'(?s)<script\b[^>]*>.*?var\s+flashvars\s*=\s*(\{.+?\});.*?</script>',
+            webpage, 'flashvars')
+        flashvars = self._parse_json(flashvars, video_id, transform_source=js_to_json)
+
+        # extract the part after the last / as the display_id from the
+        # canonical URL.
+        display_id = self._search_regex(
+            r'(?:<link href="https?://[^"]+/(.+?)/?" rel="canonical"\s*/?>'
+            r'|<link rel="canonical" href="https?://[^"]+/(.+?)/?"\s*/?>)',
+            webpage, 'display_id', fatal=False
+        )
+        title = self._html_search_regex(r'<(?:h1|title)>(?:Video: )?(.+?)</(?:h1|title)>', webpage, 'title')
+
+        thumbnail = flashvars['preview_url']
+        if thumbnail.startswith('//'):
+            protocol, _, _ = url.partition('/')
+            thumbnail = protocol + thumbnail
+
+        url_keys = list(filter(re.compile(r'^video_(?:url|alt_url\d*)$').match, flashvars.keys()))
+        formats = []
+        for key in url_keys:
+            if '/get_file/' not in flashvars[key]:
+                continue
+            format_id = flashvars.get(key + '_text', key)
+            formats.append(merge_dicts(
+                parse_resolution(format_id) or parse_resolution(flashvars[key]), {
+                    'url': urljoin(url, getrealurl(flashvars[key], flashvars['license_code'])),
+                    'format_id': format_id,
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
+                    'http_headers': {'Referer': url},
+                }))
+            if not formats[-1].get('height'):
+                formats[-1]['quality'] = 1
+
+        self._sort_formats(formats)
+
+        return {
+            'id': flashvars['video_id'],
+            'display_id': display_id,
+            'title': title,
+            'thumbnail': thumbnail,
+            'formats': formats,
+        }
+
    def _real_extract(self, url):
        if url.startswith('//'):
            return self.url_result(self.http_scheme() + url)
@ -2540,9 +2734,16 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
        # but actually don't.
        AGE_LIMIT_MARKERS = [
            r'Proudly Labeled <a href="http://www\.rtalabel\.org/" title="Restricted to Adults">RTA</a>',
+            r'>[^<]*you acknowledge you are at least (\d+) years old',
+            r'>\s*(?:18\s+U(?:\.S\.C\.|SC)\s+)?(?:§+\s*)?2257\b',
        ]
-        if any(re.search(marker, webpage) for marker in AGE_LIMIT_MARKERS):
-            age_limit = 18
+        for marker in AGE_LIMIT_MARKERS:
+            m = re.search(marker, webpage)
+            if not m:
+                continue
+            age_limit = max(
+                age_limit or 0,
+                int_or_none(m.groups() and m.group(1), default=18))

        # video uploader is domain name
        video_uploader = self._search_regex(
@ -3389,6 +3590,20 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                info_dict['formats'] = formats
                return info_dict

+        # Look for generic KVS player (before ld+json for tests)
+        found = self._search_regex(
+            (r'<script\b[^>]+?\bsrc\s*=\s*(["\'])https?://(?:\S+?/)+kt_player\.js\?v=(?P<ver>\d+(?:\.\d+)+)\1[^>]*>',
+             # kt_player('kt_player', 'https://i.shoosh.co/player/kt_player.swf?v=5.5.1', ...
+             r'kt_player\s*\(\s*(["\'])(?:(?!\1)[\w\W])+\1\s*,\s*(["\'])https?://(?:\S+?/)+kt_player\.swf\?v=(?P<ver>\d+(?:\.\d+)+)\2\s*,',
+             ), webpage, 'KVS player', group='ver', default=False)
+        if found:
+            self.report_extraction('%s: KVS Player' % (video_id, ))
+            if found.split('.')[0] not in ('4', '5', '6'):
+                self.report_warning('Untested major version (%s) in player engine - download may fail.' % (found, ))
+            return merge_dicts(
+                self._extract_kvs(url, webpage, video_id),
+                info_dict)
+
        # Looking for http://schema.org/VideoObject
        json_ld = self._search_json_ld(
            webpage, video_id, default={}, expected_type='VideoObject')
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/globalplayer.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/globalplayer.py
@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import (
+    clean_html,
+    join_nonempty,
+    merge_dicts,
+    parse_duration,
+    str_or_none,
+    T,
+    traverse_obj,
+    unified_strdate,
+    unified_timestamp,
+    urlhandle_detect_ext,
+)
+
+
+class GlobalPlayerBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
+
+    def _get_page_props(self, url, video_id):
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+        return self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, video_id)['props']['pageProps']
+
+    def _request_ext(self, url, video_id):
+        return urlhandle_detect_ext(self._request_webpage(  # Server rejects HEAD requests
+            url, video_id, note='Determining source extension'))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _clean_desc(x):
+        x = clean_html(x)
+        if x:
+            x = x.replace('\xa0', ' ')
+        return x
+
+    def _extract_audio(self, episode, series):
+
+        return merge_dicts({
+            'vcodec': 'none',
+        }, traverse_obj(series, {
+            'series': 'title',
+            'series_id': 'id',
+            'thumbnail': 'imageUrl',
+            'uploader': 'itunesAuthor',  # podcasts only
+        }), traverse_obj(episode, {
+            'id': 'id',
+            'description': ('description', T(self._clean_desc)),
+            'duration': ('duration', T(parse_duration)),
+            'thumbnail': 'imageUrl',
+            'url': 'streamUrl',
+            'timestamp': (('pubDate', 'startDate'), T(unified_timestamp)),
+            'title': 'title',
+        }, get_all=False), rev=True)
+
+
+class GlobalPlayerLiveIE(GlobalPlayerBaseIE):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.globalplayer\.com/live/(?P<id>\w+)/\w+'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.globalplayer.com/live/smoothchill/uk/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2mx1E',
+            'ext': 'aac',
+            'display_id': 'smoothchill-uk',
+            'title': 're:^Smooth Chill.+$',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://herald.musicradio.com/media/f296ade8-50c9-4f60-911f-924e96873620.png',
+            'description': 'Music To Chill To',
+            # 'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'is_live': True,
+        },
+    }, {
+        # national station
+        'url': 'https://www.globalplayer.com/live/heart/uk/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2mwx4',
+            'ext': 'aac',
+            'description': 'turn up the feel good!',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://herald.musicradio.com/media/49b9e8cb-15bf-4bf2-8c28-a4850cc6b0f3.png',
+            # 'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'is_live': True,
+            'title': 're:^Heart UK.+$',
+            'display_id': 'heart-uk',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # regional variation
+        'url': 'https://www.globalplayer.com/live/heart/london/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'AMqg',
+            'ext': 'aac',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://herald.musicradio.com/media/49b9e8cb-15bf-4bf2-8c28-a4850cc6b0f3.png',
+            'title': 're:^Heart London.+$',
+            # 'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'is_live': True,
+            'display_id': 'heart-london',
+            'description': 'turn up the feel good!',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        station = self._get_page_props(url, video_id)['station']
+        stream_url = station['streamUrl']
+
+        return merge_dicts({
+            'id': station['id'],
+            'display_id': (
+                join_nonempty('brandSlug', 'slug', from_dict=station)
+                or station.get('legacyStationPrefix')),
+            'url': stream_url,
+            'ext': self._request_ext(stream_url, video_id),
+            'vcodec': 'none',
+            'is_live': True,
+        }, {
+            'title': self._live_title(traverse_obj(
+                station, (('name', 'brandName'), T(str_or_none)),
+                get_all=False)),
+        }, traverse_obj(station, {
+            'description': 'tagline',
+            'thumbnail': 'brandLogo',
+        }), rev=True)
+
+
+class GlobalPlayerLivePlaylistIE(GlobalPlayerBaseIE):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.globalplayer\.com/playlists/(?P<id>\w+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        # "live playlist"
+        'url': 'https://www.globalplayer.com/playlists/8bLk/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '8bLk',
+            'ext': 'aac',
+            # 'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'is_live': True,
+            'description': r're:(?s).+\bclassical\b.+\bClassic FM Hall [oO]f Fame\b',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://images.globalplayer.com/images/551379?width=450&signature=oMLPZIoi5_dBSHnTMREW0Xg76mA=',
+            'title': 're:Classic FM Hall of Fame.+$'
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        station = self._get_page_props(url, video_id)['playlistData']
+        stream_url = station['streamUrl']
+
+        return merge_dicts({
+            'id': video_id,
+            'url': stream_url,
+            'ext': self._request_ext(stream_url, video_id),
+            'vcodec': 'none',
+            'is_live': True,
+        }, traverse_obj(station, {
+            'title': 'title',
+            'description': ('description', T(self._clean_desc)),
+            'thumbnail': 'image',
+        }), rev=True)
+
+
+class GlobalPlayerAudioIE(GlobalPlayerBaseIE):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.globalplayer\.com/(?:(?P<podcast>podcasts)/|catchup/\w+/\w+/)(?P<id>\w+)/?(?:$|[?#])'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        # podcast
+        'url': 'https://www.globalplayer.com/podcasts/42KuaM/',
+        'playlist_mincount': 5,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '42KuaM',
+            'title': 'Filthy Ritual',
+            'thumbnail': 'md5:60286e7d12d795bd1bbc9efc6cee643e',
+            'categories': ['Society & Culture', 'True Crime'],
+            'uploader': 'Global',
+            'description': r're:(?s).+\bscam\b.+?\bseries available now\b',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # radio catchup
+        'url': 'https://www.globalplayer.com/catchup/lbc/uk/46vyD7z/',
+        'playlist_mincount': 2,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '46vyD7z',
+            'description': 'Nick Ferrari At Breakfast is Leading Britain\'s Conversation.',
+            'title': 'Nick Ferrari',
+            'thumbnail': 'md5:4df24d8a226f5b2508efbcc6ae874ebf',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id, podcast = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'podcast')
+        props = self._get_page_props(url, video_id)
+        series = props['podcastInfo'] if podcast else props['catchupInfo']
+
+        return merge_dicts({
+            '_type': 'playlist',
+            'id': video_id,
+            'entries': [self._extract_audio(ep, series) for ep in traverse_obj(
+                        series, ('episodes', lambda _, v: v['id'] and v['streamUrl']))],
+            'categories': traverse_obj(series, ('categories', Ellipsis, 'name')) or None,
+        }, traverse_obj(series, {
+            'description': ('description', T(self._clean_desc)),
+            'thumbnail': 'imageUrl',
+            'title': 'title',
+            'uploader': 'itunesAuthor',  # podcasts only
+        }), rev=True)
+
+
+class GlobalPlayerAudioEpisodeIE(GlobalPlayerBaseIE):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.globalplayer\.com/(?:(?P<podcast>podcasts)|catchup/\w+/\w+)/episodes/(?P<id>\w+)/?(?:$|[?#])'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        # podcast
+        'url': 'https://www.globalplayer.com/podcasts/episodes/7DrfNnE/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '7DrfNnE',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': 'Filthy Ritual - Trailer',
+            'description': 'md5:1f1562fd0f01b4773b590984f94223e0',
+            'thumbnail': 'md5:60286e7d12d795bd1bbc9efc6cee643e',
+            'duration': 225.0,
+            'timestamp': 1681254900,
+            'series': 'Filthy Ritual',
+            'series_id': '42KuaM',
+            'upload_date': '20230411',
+            'uploader': 'Global',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # radio catchup
+        'url': 'https://www.globalplayer.com/catchup/lbc/uk/episodes/2zGq26Vcv1fCWhddC4JAwETXWe/',
+        'only_matching': True,
+        # expired: refresh the details with a current show for a full test
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2zGq26Vcv1fCWhddC4JAwETXWe',
+            'ext': 'm4a',
+            'timestamp': 1682056800,
+            'series': 'Nick Ferrari',
+            'thumbnail': 'md5:4df24d8a226f5b2508efbcc6ae874ebf',
+            'upload_date': '20230421',
+            'series_id': '46vyD7z',
+            'description': 'Nick Ferrari At Breakfast is Leading Britain\'s Conversation.',
+            'title': 'Nick Ferrari',
+            'duration': 10800.0,
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id, podcast = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'podcast')
+        props = self._get_page_props(url, video_id)
+        episode = props['podcastEpisode'] if podcast else props['catchupEpisode']
+
+        return self._extract_audio(
+            episode, traverse_obj(episode, 'podcast', 'show', expected_type=dict) or {})
+
+
+class GlobalPlayerVideoIE(GlobalPlayerBaseIE):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.globalplayer\.com/videos/(?P<id>\w+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.globalplayer.com/videos/2JsSZ7Gm2uP/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2JsSZ7Gm2uP',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'description': 'md5:6a9f063c67c42f218e42eee7d0298bfd',
+            'thumbnail': 'md5:d4498af48e15aae4839ce77b97d39550',
+            'upload_date': '20230420',
+            'title': 'Treble Malakai Bayoh sings a sublime Handel aria at Classic FM Live',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        meta = self._get_page_props(url, video_id)['videoData']
+
+        return merge_dicts({
+            'id': video_id,
+        }, traverse_obj(meta, {
+            'url': 'url',
+            'thumbnail': ('image', 'url'),
+            'title': 'title',
+            'upload_date': ('publish_date', T(unified_strdate)),
+            'description': 'description',
+        }), rev=True)
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/hrfernsehen.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/hrfernsehen.py
@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import json
+import re
+
+from ..utils import (
+    int_or_none,
+    unified_timestamp,
+    unescapeHTML
+)
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+
+
+class HRFernsehenIE(InfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = 'hrfernsehen'
+    _VALID_URL = r'^https?://www\.(?:hr-fernsehen|hessenschau)\.de/.*,video-(?P<id>[0-9]{6})\.html'
+
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.hessenschau.de/tv-sendung/hessenschau-vom-26082020,video-130546.html',
+        'md5': '5c4e0ba94677c516a2f65a84110fc536',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '130546',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'description': 'Sturmtief Kirsten fegt über Hessen / Die Corona-Pandemie – eine Chronologie / '
+                           'Sterbehilfe: Die Lage in Hessen / Miss Hessen leitet zwei eigene Unternehmen / '
+                           'Pop-Up Museum zeigt Schwarze Unterhaltung und Black Music',
+            'subtitles': {'de': [{
+                'url': 'https://hr-a.akamaihd.net/video/as/hessenschau/2020_08/hrLogo_200826200407_L385592_512x288-25p-500kbit.vtt'
+            }]},
+            'timestamp': 1598470200,
+            'upload_date': '20200826',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.hessenschau.de/tv-sendung/hs_ganz-1554~_t-1598465545029_v-16to9__medium.jpg',
+            'title': 'hessenschau vom 26.08.2020'
+        }
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.hr-fernsehen.de/sendungen-a-z/mex/sendungen/fair-und-gut---was-hinter-aldis-eigenem-guetesiegel-steckt,video-130544.html',
+        'only_matching': True
+    }]
+
+    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['DE']
+
+    def extract_airdate(self, loader_data):
+        airdate_str = loader_data.get('mediaMetadata', {}).get('agf', {}).get('airdate')
+
+        if airdate_str is None:
+            return None
+
+        return unified_timestamp(airdate_str)
+
+    def extract_formats(self, loader_data):
+        stream_formats = []
+        for stream_obj in loader_data["videoResolutionLevels"]:
+            stream_format = {
+                'format_id': str(stream_obj['verticalResolution']) + "p",
+                'height': stream_obj['verticalResolution'],
+                'url': stream_obj['url'],
+            }
+
+            quality_information = re.search(r'([0-9]{3,4})x([0-9]{3,4})-([0-9]{2})p-([0-9]{3,4})kbit',
+                                            stream_obj['url'])
+            if quality_information:
+                stream_format['width'] = int_or_none(quality_information.group(1))
+                stream_format['height'] = int_or_none(quality_information.group(2))
+                stream_format['fps'] = int_or_none(quality_information.group(3))
+                stream_format['tbr'] = int_or_none(quality_information.group(4))
+
+            stream_formats.append(stream_format)
+
+        self._sort_formats(stream_formats)
+        return stream_formats
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+
+        title = self._html_search_meta(
+            ['og:title', 'twitter:title', 'name'], webpage)
+        description = self._html_search_meta(
+            ['description'], webpage)
+
+        loader_str = unescapeHTML(self._search_regex(r"data-new-hr-mediaplayer-loader='([^']*)'", webpage, "ardloader"))
+        loader_data = json.loads(loader_str)
+
+        info = {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'title': title,
+            'description': description,
+            'formats': self.extract_formats(loader_data),
+            'timestamp': self.extract_airdate(loader_data)
+        }
+
+        if "subtitle" in loader_data:
+            info["subtitles"] = {"de": [{"url": loader_data["subtitle"]}]}
+
+        thumbnails = list(set([t for t in loader_data.get("previewImageUrl", {}).values()]))
+        if len(thumbnails) > 0:
+            info["thumbnails"] = [{"url": t} for t in thumbnails]
+
+        return info
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/ign.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/ign.py
@ -1,19 +1,29 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
 from __future__ import unicode_literals

 import re

 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import (
+    compat_filter as filter,
+    compat_HTTPError,
    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
+    compat_urlparse,
 )
 from ..utils import (
-    HEADRequest,
    determine_ext,
+    error_to_compat_str,
+    extract_attributes,
+    ExtractorError,
    int_or_none,
+    merge_dicts,
+    orderedSet,
    parse_iso8601,
    strip_or_none,
-    try_get,
+    traverse_obj,
+    url_or_none,
+    urljoin,
 )


@ -22,14 +32,102 @@ class IGNBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
        return self._download_json(
            'http://apis.ign.com/{0}/v3/{0}s/slug/{1}'.format(self._PAGE_TYPE, slug), slug)

+    def _checked_call_api(self, slug):
+        try:
+            return self._call_api(slug)
+        except ExtractorError as e:
+            if isinstance(e.cause, compat_HTTPError) and e.cause.code == 404:
+                e.cause.args = e.cause.args or [
+                    e.cause.geturl(), e.cause.getcode(), e.cause.reason]
+                raise ExtractorError(
+                    'Content not found: expired?', cause=e.cause,
+                    expected=True)
+            raise
+
+    def _extract_video_info(self, video, fatal=True):
+        video_id = video['videoId']
+
+        formats = []
+        refs = traverse_obj(video, 'refs', expected_type=dict) or {}
+
+        m3u8_url = url_or_none(refs.get('m3uUrl'))
+        if m3u8_url:
+            formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+                m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
+                m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
+
+        f4m_url = url_or_none(refs.get('f4mUrl'))
+        if f4m_url:
+            formats.extend(self._extract_f4m_formats(
+                f4m_url, video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False))
+
+        for asset in (video.get('assets') or []):
+            asset_url = url_or_none(asset.get('url'))
+            if not asset_url:
+                continue
+            formats.append({
+                'url': asset_url,
+                'tbr': int_or_none(asset.get('bitrate'), 1000),
+                'fps': int_or_none(asset.get('frame_rate')),
+                'height': int_or_none(asset.get('height')),
+                'width': int_or_none(asset.get('width')),
+            })
+
+        mezzanine_url = traverse_obj(
+            video, ('system', 'mezzanineUrl'), expected_type=url_or_none)
+        if mezzanine_url:
+            formats.append({
+                'ext': determine_ext(mezzanine_url, 'mp4'),
+                'format_id': 'mezzanine',
+                'preference': 1,
+                'url': mezzanine_url,
+            })
+
+        if formats or fatal:
+            self._sort_formats(formats)
+        else:
+            return
+
+        thumbnails = traverse_obj(
+            video, ('thumbnails', Ellipsis, {'url': 'url'}), expected_type=url_or_none)
+        tags = traverse_obj(
+            video, ('tags', Ellipsis, 'displayName'),
+            expected_type=lambda x: x.strip() or None)
+
+        metadata = traverse_obj(video, 'metadata', expected_type=dict) or {}
+        title = traverse_obj(
+            metadata, 'longTitle', 'title', 'name',
+            expected_type=lambda x: x.strip() or None)
+
+        return {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'title': title,
+            'description': strip_or_none(metadata.get('description')),
+            'timestamp': parse_iso8601(metadata.get('publishDate')),
+            'duration': int_or_none(metadata.get('duration')),
+            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'tags': tags,
+        }
+
+    # yt-dlp shim
+    @classmethod
+    def _extract_from_webpage(cls, url, webpage):
+        for embed_url in orderedSet(
+                cls._extract_embed_urls(url, webpage) or [], lazy=True):
+            yield cls.url_result(embed_url, None if cls._VALID_URL is False else cls)
+

 class IGNIE(IGNBaseIE):
    """
    Extractor for some of the IGN sites, like www.ign.com, es.ign.com de.ign.com.
    Some videos of it.ign.com are also supported
    """
-
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:.+?\.ign|www\.pcmag)\.com/videos/(?:\d{4}/\d{2}/\d{2}/)?(?P<id>[^/?&#]+)'
+    _VIDEO_PATH_RE = r'/(?:\d{4}/\d{2}/\d{2}/)?(?P<id>.+?)'
+    _PLAYLIST_PATH_RE = r'(?:/?\?(?P<filt>[^&#]+))?'
+    _VALID_URL = (
+        r'https?://(?:.+?\.ign|www\.pcmag)\.com/videos(?:%s)'
+        % '|'.join((_VIDEO_PATH_RE + r'(?:[/?&#]|$)', _PLAYLIST_PATH_RE)))
    IE_NAME = 'ign.com'
    _PAGE_TYPE = 'video'

@ -44,7 +142,10 @@ class IGNIE(IGNBaseIE):
            'timestamp': 1370440800,
            'upload_date': '20130605',
            'tags': 'count:9',
-        }
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'nocheckcertificate': True,
+        },
    }, {
        'url': 'http://www.pcmag.com/videos/2015/01/06/010615-whats-new-now-is-gogo-snooping-on-your-data',
        'md5': 'f1581a6fe8c5121be5b807684aeac3f6',
@ -56,86 +157,51 @@ class IGNIE(IGNBaseIE):
            'timestamp': 1420571160,
            'upload_date': '20150106',
            'tags': 'count:4',
-        }
+        },
+        'skip': '404 Not Found',
    }, {
        'url': 'https://www.ign.com/videos/is-a-resident-evil-4-remake-on-the-way-ign-daily-fix',
        'only_matching': True,
    }]

+    @classmethod
+    def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
+        grids = re.findall(
+            r'''(?s)<section\b[^>]+\bclass\s*=\s*['"](?:[\w-]+\s+)*?content-feed-grid(?!\B|-)[^>]+>(.+?)</section[^>]*>''',
+            webpage)
+        return filter(None,
+                      (urljoin(url, m.group('path')) for m in re.finditer(
+                          r'''<a\b[^>]+\bhref\s*=\s*('|")(?P<path>/videos%s)\1'''
+                          % cls._VIDEO_PATH_RE, grids[0] if grids else '')))
+
    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        m = re.match(self._VALID_URL, url)
+        display_id = m.group('id')
+        if display_id:
+            return self._extract_video(url, display_id)
+        display_id = m.group('filt') or 'all'
+        return self._extract_playlist(url, display_id)
+
+    def _extract_playlist(self, url, display_id):
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
+
+        return self.playlist_result(
+            (self.url_result(u, ie=self.ie_key())
+             for u in self._extract_embed_urls(url, webpage)),
+            playlist_id=display_id)
+
+    def _extract_video(self, url, display_id):
        display_id = self._match_id(url)
-        video = self._call_api(display_id)
-        video_id = video['videoId']
-        metadata = video['metadata']
-        title = metadata.get('longTitle') or metadata.get('title') or metadata['name']
+        video = self._checked_call_api(display_id)

-        formats = []
-        refs = video.get('refs') or {}
+        info = self._extract_video_info(video)

-        m3u8_url = refs.get('m3uUrl')
-        if m3u8_url:
-            formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
-                m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
-
-        f4m_url = refs.get('f4mUrl')
-        if f4m_url:
-            formats.extend(self._extract_f4m_formats(
-                f4m_url, video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False))
-
-        for asset in (video.get('assets') or []):
-            asset_url = asset.get('url')
-            if not asset_url:
-                continue
-            formats.append({
-                'url': asset_url,
-                'tbr': int_or_none(asset.get('bitrate'), 1000),
-                'fps': int_or_none(asset.get('frame_rate')),
-                'height': int_or_none(asset.get('height')),
-                'width': int_or_none(asset.get('width')),
-            })
-
-        mezzanine_url = try_get(video, lambda x: x['system']['mezzanineUrl'])
-        if mezzanine_url:
-            formats.append({
-                'ext': determine_ext(mezzanine_url, 'mp4'),
-                'format_id': 'mezzanine',
-                'preference': 1,
-                'url': mezzanine_url,
-            })
-
-        self._sort_formats(formats)
-
-        thumbnails = []
-        for thumbnail in (video.get('thumbnails') or []):
-            thumbnail_url = thumbnail.get('url')
-            if not thumbnail_url:
-                continue
-            thumbnails.append({
-                'url': thumbnail_url,
-            })
-
-        tags = []
-        for tag in (video.get('tags') or []):
-            display_name = tag.get('displayName')
-            if not display_name:
-                continue
-            tags.append(display_name)
-
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': strip_or_none(metadata.get('description')),
-            'timestamp': parse_iso8601(metadata.get('publishDate')),
-            'duration': int_or_none(metadata.get('duration')),
+        return merge_dicts({
            'display_id': display_id,
-            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'formats': formats,
-            'tags': tags,
-        }
+        }, info)


-class IGNVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
+class IGNVideoIE(IGNBaseIE):
    _VALID_URL = r'https?://.+?\.ign\.com/(?:[a-z]{2}/)?[^/]+/(?P<id>\d+)/(?:video|trailer)/'
    _TESTS = [{
        'url': 'http://me.ign.com/en/videos/112203/video/how-hitman-aims-to-be-different-than-every-other-s',
@ -147,7 +213,8 @@ class IGNVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
            'description': 'Taking out assassination targets in Hitman has never been more stylish.',
            'timestamp': 1444665600,
            'upload_date': '20151012',
-        }
+        },
+        'expected_warnings': ['HTTP Error 400: Bad Request'],
    }, {
        'url': 'http://me.ign.com/ar/angry-birds-2/106533/video/lrd-ldyy-lwl-lfylm-angry-birds',
        'only_matching': True,
@ -167,22 +234,38 @@ class IGNVideoIE(InfoExtractor):

    def _real_extract(self, url):
        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        req = HEADRequest(url.rsplit('/', 1)[0] + '/embed')
-        url = self._request_webpage(req, video_id).geturl()
+        parsed_url = compat_urlparse.urlparse(url)
+        embed_url = compat_urlparse.urlunparse(
+            parsed_url._replace(path=parsed_url.path.rsplit('/', 1)[0] + '/embed'))
+
+        webpage, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(embed_url, video_id)
+        new_url = urlh.geturl()
        ign_url = compat_parse_qs(
-            compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(url).query).get('url', [None])[0]
+            compat_urlparse.urlparse(new_url).query).get('url', [None])[-1]
        if ign_url:
            return self.url_result(ign_url, IGNIE.ie_key())
-        return self.url_result(url)
+        video = self._search_regex(r'(<div\b[^>]+\bdata-video-id\s*=\s*[^>]+>)', webpage, 'video element', fatal=False)
+        if not video:
+            if new_url == url:
+                raise ExtractorError('Redirect loop: ' + url)
+            return self.url_result(new_url)
+        video = extract_attributes(video)
+        video_data = video.get('data-settings') or '{}'
+        video_data = self._parse_json(video_data, video_id)['video']
+        info = self._extract_video_info(video_data)
+
+        return merge_dicts({
+            'display_id': video_id,
+        }, info)


 class IGNArticleIE(IGNBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://.+?\.ign\.com/(?:articles(?:/\d{4}/\d{2}/\d{2})?|(?:[a-z]{2}/)?feature/\d+)/(?P<id>[^/?&#]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://.+?\.ign\.com/(?:articles(?:/\d{4}/\d{2}/\d{2})?|(?:[a-z]{2}/)?(?:[\w-]+/)*?feature/\d+)/(?P<id>[^/?&#]+)'
    _PAGE_TYPE = 'article'
    _TESTS = [{
        'url': 'http://me.ign.com/en/feature/15775/100-little-things-in-gta-5-that-will-blow-your-mind',
        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '524497489e4e8ff5848ece34',
+            'id': '72113',
            'title': '100 Little Things in GTA 5 That Will Blow Your Mind',
        },
        'playlist': [
@ -190,7 +273,7 @@ class IGNArticleIE(IGNBaseIE):
                'info_dict': {
                    'id': '5ebbd138523268b93c9141af17bec937',
                    'ext': 'mp4',
-                    'title': 'GTA 5 Video Review',
+                    'title': 'Grand Theft Auto V Video Review',
                    'description': 'Rockstar drops the mic on this generation of games. Watch our review of the masterly Grand Theft Auto V.',
                    'timestamp': 1379339880,
                    'upload_date': '20130916',
@ -200,7 +283,7 @@ class IGNArticleIE(IGNBaseIE):
                'info_dict': {
                    'id': '638672ee848ae4ff108df2a296418ee2',
                    'ext': 'mp4',
-                    'title': '26 Twisted Moments from GTA 5 in Slow Motion',
+                    'title': 'GTA 5 In Slow Motion',
                    'description': 'The twisted beauty of GTA 5 in stunning slow motion.',
                    'timestamp': 1386878820,
                    'upload_date': '20131212',
@ -208,16 +291,17 @@ class IGNArticleIE(IGNBaseIE):
            },
        ],
        'params': {
-            'playlist_items': '2-3',
            'skip_download': True,
        },
+        'expected_warnings': ['Backend fetch failed'],
    }, {
        'url': 'http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/08/15/rewind-theater-wild-trailer-gamescom-2014?watch',
        'info_dict': {
            'id': '53ee806780a81ec46e0790f8',
            'title': 'Rewind Theater - Wild Trailer Gamescom 2014',
        },
-        'playlist_count': 2,
+        'playlist_count': 1,
+        'expected_warnings': ['Backend fetch failed'],
    }, {
        # videoId pattern
        'url': 'http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/06/08/new-ducktales-short-donalds-birthday-doesnt-go-as-planned',
@ -240,18 +324,91 @@ class IGNArticleIE(IGNBaseIE):
        'only_matching': True,
    }]

+    def _checked_call_api(self, slug):
+        try:
+            return self._call_api(slug)
+        except ExtractorError as e:
+            if isinstance(e.cause, compat_HTTPError):
+                e.cause.args = e.cause.args or [
+                    e.cause.geturl(), e.cause.getcode(), e.cause.reason]
+                if e.cause.code == 404:
+                    raise ExtractorError(
+                        'Content not found: expired?', cause=e.cause,
+                        expected=True)
+                elif e.cause.code == 503:
+                    self.report_warning(error_to_compat_str(e.cause))
+                    return
+            raise
+
+    def _search_nextjs_data(self, webpage, video_id, **kw):
+        return self._parse_json(
+            self._search_regex(
+                r'(?s)<script[^>]+id=[\'"]__NEXT_DATA__[\'"][^>]*>([^<]+)</script>',
+                webpage, 'next.js data', **kw),
+            video_id, **kw)
+
    def _real_extract(self, url):
        display_id = self._match_id(url)
-        article = self._call_api(display_id)
+        article = self._checked_call_api(display_id)

-        def entries():
-            media_url = try_get(article, lambda x: x['mediaRelations'][0]['media']['metadata']['url'])
-            if media_url:
-                yield self.url_result(media_url, IGNIE.ie_key())
-            for content in (article.get('content') or []):
-                for video_url in re.findall(r'(?:\[(?:ignvideo\s+url|youtube\s+clip_id)|<iframe[^>]+src)="([^"]+)"', content):
-                    yield self.url_result(video_url)
+        if article:
+            # obsolete ?
+            def entries():
+                media_url = traverse_obj(
+                    article, ('mediaRelations', 0, 'media', 'metadata', 'url'),
+                    expected_type=url_or_none)
+                if media_url:
+                    yield self.url_result(media_url, IGNIE.ie_key())
+                for content in (article.get('content') or []):
+                    for video_url in re.findall(r'(?:\[(?:ignvideo\s+url|youtube\s+clip_id)|<iframe[^>]+src)="([^"]+)"', content):
+                        if url_or_none(video_url):
+                            yield self.url_result(video_url)
+
+            return self.playlist_result(
+                entries(), article.get('articleId'),
+                traverse_obj(
+                    article, ('metadata', 'headline'),
+                    expected_type=lambda x: x.strip() or None))
+
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
+
+        playlist_id = self._html_search_meta('dable:item_id', webpage, default=None)
+        if playlist_id:
+
+            def entries():
+                for m in re.finditer(
+                        r'''(?s)<object\b[^>]+\bclass\s*=\s*("|')ign-videoplayer\1[^>]*>(?P<params>.+?)</object''',
+                        webpage):
+                    flashvars = self._search_regex(
+                        r'''(<param\b[^>]+\bname\s*=\s*("|')flashvars\2[^>]*>)''',
+                        m.group('params'), 'flashvars', default='')
+                    flashvars = compat_parse_qs(extract_attributes(flashvars).get('value') or '')
+                    v_url = url_or_none((flashvars.get('url') or [None])[-1])
+                    if v_url:
+                        yield self.url_result(v_url)
+        else:
+            playlist_id = self._search_regex(
+                r'''\bdata-post-id\s*=\s*("|')(?P<id>[\da-f]+)\1''',
+                webpage, 'id', group='id', default=None)
+
+            nextjs_data = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, display_id)
+
+            def entries():
+                for player in traverse_obj(
+                        nextjs_data,
+                        ('props', 'apolloState', 'ROOT_QUERY', lambda k, _: k.startswith('videoPlayerProps('), '__ref')):
+                    # skip promo links (which may not always be served, eg GH CI servers)
+                    if traverse_obj(nextjs_data,
+                                    ('props', 'apolloState', player.replace('PlayerProps', 'ModernContent')),
+                                    expected_type=dict):
+                        continue
+                    video = traverse_obj(nextjs_data, ('props', 'apolloState', player), expected_type=dict) or {}
+                    info = self._extract_video_info(video, fatal=False)
+                    if info:
+                        yield merge_dicts({
+                            'display_id': display_id,
+                        }, info)

        return self.playlist_result(
-            entries(), article.get('articleId'),
-            strip_or_none(try_get(article, lambda x: x['metadata']['headline'])))
+            entries(), playlist_id or display_id,
+            re.sub(r'\s+-\s+IGN\s*$', '', self._og_search_title(webpage, default='')) or None)
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/imgur.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/imgur.py
@ -1,101 +1,267 @@
+# coding: utf-8
 from __future__ import unicode_literals

 import re

 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    determine_ext,
+    ExtractorError,
+    float_or_none,
    int_or_none,
    js_to_json,
+    merge_dicts,
    mimetype2ext,
-    ExtractorError,
+    parse_iso8601,
+    T,
+    traverse_obj,
+    txt_or_none,
+    url_or_none,
 )


-class ImgurIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:i\.)?imgur\.com/(?!(?:a|gallery|(?:t(?:opic)?|r)/[^/]+)/)(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9]+)'
+class ImgurBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
+    # hard-coded value, as also used by ArchiveTeam
+    _CLIENT_ID = '546c25a59c58ad7'
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _imgur_result(cls, item_id):
+        return cls.url_result('imgur:%s' % item_id, ImgurIE.ie_key(), item_id)
+
+    def _call_api(self, endpoint, video_id, **kwargs):
+        return self._download_json(
+            'https://api.imgur.com/post/v1/%s/%s?client_id=%s&include=media,account' % (endpoint, video_id, self._CLIENT_ID),
+            video_id, **kwargs)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_description(s):
+        if 'Discover the magic of the internet at Imgur' in s:
+            return None
+        return txt_or_none(s)
+
+
+class ImgurIE(ImgurBaseIE):
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
+        (?:
+            https?://(?:i\.)?imgur\.com/(?!(?:a|gallery|t|topic|r)/)|
+            imgur:
+        )(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9]+)
+    '''

    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://i.imgur.com/A61SaA1.gifv',
+        'url': 'https://imgur.com/A61SaA1',
        'info_dict': {
            'id': 'A61SaA1',
            'ext': 'mp4',
            'title': 're:Imgur GIF$|MRW gifv is up and running without any bugs$',
+            'timestamp': 1416446068,
+            'upload_date': '20141120',
        },
    }, {
-        'url': 'https://imgur.com/A61SaA1',
+        'url': 'https://i.imgur.com/A61SaA1.gifv',
        'only_matching': True,
    }, {
        'url': 'https://i.imgur.com/crGpqCV.mp4',
        'only_matching': True,
    }, {
-        # no title
+        # previously, no title
        'url': 'https://i.imgur.com/jxBXAMC.gifv',
-        'only_matching': True,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'jxBXAMC',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Fahaka puffer feeding',
+            'timestamp': 1533835503,
+            'upload_date': '20180809',
+        },
    }]

+    def _extract_twitter_formats(self, html, tw_id='twitter', **kwargs):
+        fatal = kwargs.pop('fatal', False)
+        tw_stream = self._html_search_meta('twitter:player:stream', html, fatal=fatal, **kwargs)
+        if not tw_stream:
+            return []
+        ext = mimetype2ext(self._html_search_meta(
+            'twitter:player:stream:content_type', html, default=None))
+        width, height = (int_or_none(self._html_search_meta('twitter:player:' + v, html, default=None))
+                         for v in ('width', 'height'))
+        return [{
+            'format_id': tw_id,
+            'url': tw_stream,
+            'ext': ext or determine_ext(tw_stream),
+            'width': width,
+            'height': height,
+        }]
+
    def _real_extract(self, url):
        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        data = self._call_api('media', video_id, fatal=False, expected_status=404)
        webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'https://i.imgur.com/{id}.gifv'.format(id=video_id), video_id)
+            'https://i.imgur.com/{id}.gifv'.format(id=video_id), video_id, fatal=not data) or ''

-        width = int_or_none(self._og_search_property(
-            'video:width', webpage, default=None))
-        height = int_or_none(self._og_search_property(
-            'video:height', webpage, default=None))
+        if not traverse_obj(data, ('media', 0, (
+                ('type', T(lambda t: t == 'video' or None)),
+                ('metadata', 'is_animated'))), get_all=False):
+            raise ExtractorError(
+                '%s is not a video or animated image' % video_id,
+                expected=True)
+
+        media_fmt = traverse_obj(data, ('media', 0, {
+            'url': ('url', T(url_or_none)),
+            'ext': 'ext',
+            'width': ('width', T(int_or_none)),
+            'height': ('height', T(int_or_none)),
+            'filesize': ('size', T(int_or_none)),
+            'acodec': ('metadata', 'has_sound', T(lambda b: None if b else 'none')),
+        }))
+
+        media_url = traverse_obj(media_fmt, 'url')
+        if media_url:
+            if not media_fmt.get('ext'):
+                media_fmt['ext'] = mimetype2ext(traverse_obj(
+                    data, ('media', 0, 'mime_type'))) or determine_ext(media_url)
+            if traverse_obj(data, ('media', 0, 'type')) == 'image':
+                media_fmt['acodec'] = 'none'
+                media_fmt.setdefault('preference', -10)
+
+        tw_formats = self._extract_twitter_formats(webpage)
+        if traverse_obj(tw_formats, (0, 'url')) == media_url:
+            tw_formats = []
+        else:
+            # maybe this isn't an animated image/video?
+            self._check_formats(tw_formats, video_id)

        video_elements = self._search_regex(
            r'(?s)<div class="video-elements">(.*?)</div>',
            webpage, 'video elements', default=None)
-        if not video_elements:
+        if not (video_elements or tw_formats or media_url):
            raise ExtractorError(
-                'No sources found for video %s. Maybe an image?' % video_id,
+                'No sources found for video %s. Maybe a plain image?' % video_id,
                expected=True)

-        formats = []
-        for m in re.finditer(r'<source\s+src="(?P<src>[^"]+)"\s+type="(?P<type>[^"]+)"', video_elements):
-            formats.append({
-                'format_id': m.group('type').partition('/')[2],
-                'url': self._proto_relative_url(m.group('src')),
-                'ext': mimetype2ext(m.group('type')),
-                'width': width,
-                'height': height,
+        def mung_format(fmt, *extra):
+            fmt.update({
                'http_headers': {
                    'User-Agent': 'youtube-dl (like wget)',
                },
            })
+            for d in extra:
+                fmt.update(d)
+            return fmt

-        gif_json = self._search_regex(
-            r'(?s)var\s+videoItem\s*=\s*(\{.*?\})',
-            webpage, 'GIF code', fatal=False)
-        if gif_json:
-            gifd = self._parse_json(
-                gif_json, video_id, transform_source=js_to_json)
-            formats.append({
-                'format_id': 'gif',
-                'preference': -10,
-                'width': width,
-                'height': height,
-                'ext': 'gif',
-                'acodec': 'none',
-                'vcodec': 'gif',
-                'container': 'gif',
-                'url': self._proto_relative_url(gifd['gifUrl']),
-                'filesize': gifd.get('size'),
-                'http_headers': {
-                    'User-Agent': 'youtube-dl (like wget)',
-                },
-            })
+        if video_elements:
+            def og_get_size(media_type):
+                return dict((p, int_or_none(self._og_search_property(
+                    ':'.join((media_type, p)), webpage, default=None)))
+                    for p in ('width', 'height'))
+
+            size = og_get_size('video')
+            if all(v is None for v in size.values()):
+                size = og_get_size('image')
+
+            formats = traverse_obj(
+                re.finditer(r'<source\s+src="(?P<src>[^"]+)"\s+type="(?P<type>[^"]+)"', video_elements),
+                (Ellipsis, {
+                    'format_id': ('type', T(lambda s: s.partition('/')[2])),
+                    'url': ('src', T(self._proto_relative_url)),
+                    'ext': ('type', T(mimetype2ext)),
+                }, T(lambda f: mung_format(f, size))))
+
+            gif_json = self._search_regex(
+                r'(?s)var\s+videoItem\s*=\s*(\{.*?\})',
+                webpage, 'GIF code', fatal=False)
+            MUST_BRANCH = (None, T(lambda _: None))
+            formats.extend(traverse_obj(gif_json, (
+                T(lambda j: self._parse_json(
+                    j, video_id, transform_source=js_to_json, fatal=False)), {
+                        'url': ('gifUrl', T(self._proto_relative_url)),
+                        'filesize': ('size', T(int_or_none)),
+                }, T(lambda f: mung_format(f, size, {
+                    'format_id': 'gif',
+                    'preference': -10,  # gifs are worse than videos
+                    'ext': 'gif',
+                    'acodec': 'none',
+                    'vcodec': 'gif',
+                    'container': 'gif',
+                })), MUST_BRANCH)))
+        else:
+            formats = []
+
+        # maybe add formats from JSON or page Twitter metadata
+        if not any((u == media_url) for u in traverse_obj(formats, (Ellipsis, 'url'))):
+            formats.append(mung_format(media_fmt))
+        tw_url = traverse_obj(tw_formats, (0, 'url'))
+        if not any((u == tw_url) for u in traverse_obj(formats, (Ellipsis, 'url'))):
+            formats.extend(mung_format(f) for f in tw_formats)

        self._sort_formats(formats)

-        return {
+        return merge_dicts(traverse_obj(data, {
+            'uploader_id': ('account_id', T(txt_or_none),
+                            T(lambda a: a if int_or_none(a) != 0 else None)),
+            'uploader': ('account', 'username', T(txt_or_none)),
+            'uploader_url': ('account', 'avatar_url', T(url_or_none)),
+            'like_count': ('upvote_count', T(int_or_none)),
+            'dislike_count': ('downvote_count', T(int_or_none)),
+            'comment_count': ('comment_count', T(int_or_none)),
+            'age_limit': ('is_mature', T(lambda x: 18 if x else None)),
+            'timestamp': (('updated_at', 'created_at'), T(parse_iso8601)),
+            'release_timestamp': ('created_at', T(parse_iso8601)),
+        }, get_all=False), traverse_obj(data, ('media', 0, 'metadata', {
+            'title': ('title', T(txt_or_none)),
+            'description': ('description', T(self.get_description)),
+            'duration': ('duration', T(float_or_none)),
+            'timestamp': (('updated_at', 'created_at'), T(parse_iso8601)),
+            'release_timestamp': ('created_at', T(parse_iso8601)),
+        })), {
            'id': video_id,
            'formats': formats,
-            'title': self._og_search_title(webpage, default=video_id),
-        }
+            'title': self._og_search_title(webpage, default='Imgur video ' + video_id),
+            'description': self.get_description(self._og_search_description(webpage)),
+            'thumbnail': url_or_none(self._html_search_meta('thumbnailUrl', webpage, default=None)),
+        })


-class ImgurGalleryIE(InfoExtractor):
+class ImgurGalleryBaseIE(ImgurBaseIE):
+    _GALLERY = True
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        gallery_id = self._match_id(url)
+
+        data = self._call_api('albums', gallery_id, fatal=False, expected_status=404)
+
+        info = traverse_obj(data, {
+            'title': ('title', T(txt_or_none)),
+            'description': ('description', T(self.get_description)),
+        })
+
+        if traverse_obj(data, 'is_album'):
+
+            def yield_media_ids():
+                for m_id in traverse_obj(data, (
+                        'media', lambda _, v: v.get('type') == 'video' or v['metadata']['is_animated'],
+                        'id', T(txt_or_none))):
+                    yield m_id
+
+            # if a gallery with exactly one video, apply album metadata to video
+            media_id = (
+                self._GALLERY
+                and traverse_obj(data, ('image_count', T(lambda c: c == 1)))
+                and next(yield_media_ids(), None))
+
+            if not media_id:
+                result = self.playlist_result(
+                    map(self._imgur_result, yield_media_ids()), gallery_id)
+                result.update(info)
+                return result
+            gallery_id = media_id
+
+        result = self._imgur_result(gallery_id)
+        info['_type'] = 'url_transparent'
+        result.update(info)
+        return result
+
+
+class ImgurGalleryIE(ImgurGalleryBaseIE):
    IE_NAME = 'imgur:gallery'
    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:i\.)?imgur\.com/(?:gallery|(?:t(?:opic)?|r)/[^/]+)/(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9]+)'

@ -106,49 +272,93 @@ class ImgurGalleryIE(InfoExtractor):
            'title': 'Adding faces make every GIF better',
        },
        'playlist_count': 25,
+        'skip': 'Zoinks! You\'ve taken a wrong turn.',
    }, {
+        # TODO: static images - replace with animated/video gallery
        'url': 'http://imgur.com/topic/Aww/ll5Vk',
        'only_matching': True,
    }, {
        'url': 'https://imgur.com/gallery/YcAQlkx',
+        'add_ies': ['Imgur'],
        'info_dict': {
            'id': 'YcAQlkx',
            'ext': 'mp4',
            'title': 'Classic Steve Carell gif...cracks me up everytime....damn the repost downvotes....',
-        }
+            'timestamp': 1358554297,
+            'upload_date': '20130119',
+            'uploader_id': '1648642',
+            'uploader': 'wittyusernamehere',
+        },
    }, {
+        # TODO: static image - replace with animated/video gallery
        'url': 'http://imgur.com/topic/Funny/N8rOudd',
        'only_matching': True,
    }, {
        'url': 'http://imgur.com/r/aww/VQcQPhM',
-        'only_matching': True,
+        'add_ies': ['Imgur'],
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'VQcQPhM',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'The boss is here',
+            'timestamp': 1476494751,
+            'upload_date': '20161015',
+            'uploader_id': '19138530',
+            'uploader': 'thematrixcam',
+        },
+    },
+        # from PR #16674
+        {
+        'url': 'https://imgur.com/t/unmuted/6lAn9VQ',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '6lAn9VQ',
+            'title': 'Penguins !',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 3,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://imgur.com/t/unmuted/kx2uD3C',
+        'add_ies': ['Imgur'],
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'ZVMv45i',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Intruder',
+            'timestamp': 1528129683,
+            'upload_date': '20180604',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://imgur.com/t/unmuted/wXSK0YH',
+        'add_ies': ['Imgur'],
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'JCAP4io',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 're:I got the blues$',
+            'description': 'Luka’s vocal stylings.\n\nFP edit: don’t encourage me. I’ll never stop posting Luka and friends.',
+            'timestamp': 1527809525,
+            'upload_date': '20180531',
+        },
    }]

-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        gallery_id = self._match_id(url)

-        data = self._download_json(
-            'https://imgur.com/gallery/%s.json' % gallery_id,
-            gallery_id)['data']['image']
-
-        if data.get('is_album'):
-            entries = [
-                self.url_result('http://imgur.com/%s' % image['hash'], ImgurIE.ie_key(), image['hash'])
-                for image in data['album_images']['images'] if image.get('hash')]
-            return self.playlist_result(entries, gallery_id, data.get('title'), data.get('description'))
-
-        return self.url_result('http://imgur.com/%s' % gallery_id, ImgurIE.ie_key(), gallery_id)
-
-
-class ImgurAlbumIE(ImgurGalleryIE):
+class ImgurAlbumIE(ImgurGalleryBaseIE):
    IE_NAME = 'imgur:album'
    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:i\.)?imgur\.com/a/(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9]+)'
-
+    _GALLERY = False
    _TESTS = [{
+        # TODO: only static images - replace with animated/video gallery
        'url': 'http://imgur.com/a/j6Orj',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    },
+        # from PR #21693
+        {
+        'url': 'https://imgur.com/a/iX265HX',
        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'j6Orj',
-            'title': 'A Literary Analysis of "Star Wars: The Force Awakens"',
+            'id': 'iX265HX',
+            'title': 'enen-no-shouboutai'
        },
-        'playlist_count': 12,
+        'playlist_count': 2,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://imgur.com/a/8pih2Ed',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '8pih2Ed'
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 1,
    }]
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/infoq.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/infoq.py
@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 # coding: utf-8

 from __future__ import unicode_literals
+from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+)

 from ..compat import (
    compat_b64decode,
@ -90,7 +93,11 @@ class InfoQIE(BokeCCBaseIE):
        }]

    def _extract_http_audio(self, webpage, video_id):
-        fields = self._form_hidden_inputs('mp3Form', webpage)
+        try:
+            fields = self._form_hidden_inputs('mp3Form', webpage)
+        except ExtractorError:
+            fields = {}
+
        http_audio_url = fields.get('filename')
        if not http_audio_url:
            return []
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/itv.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/itv.py
@ -3,123 +3,266 @@ from __future__ import unicode_literals

 import json
 import re
+import sys

 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .brightcove import BrightcoveNewIE
+from ..compat import (
+    compat_HTTPError,
+    compat_integer_types,
+    compat_kwargs,
+    compat_urlparse,
+)
 from ..utils import (
    clean_html,
    determine_ext,
+    error_to_compat_str,
    extract_attributes,
-    get_element_by_class,
-    JSON_LD_RE,
+    ExtractorError,
+    get_element_by_attribute,
+    int_or_none,
    merge_dicts,
    parse_duration,
+    parse_iso8601,
+    remove_start,
    smuggle_url,
+    strip_or_none,
+    traverse_obj,
    url_or_none,
+    urljoin,
 )


-class ITVIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?itv\.com/hub/[^/]+/(?P<id>[0-9a-zA-Z]+)'
-    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['GB']
+class ITVBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
+
+    def _search_nextjs_data(self, webpage, video_id, **kw):
+        transform_source = kw.pop('transform_source', None)
+        fatal = kw.pop('fatal', True)
+        return self._parse_json(
+            self._search_regex(
+                r'''<script\b[^>]+\bid=('|")__NEXT_DATA__\1[^>]*>(?P<js>[^<]+)</script>''',
+                webpage, 'next.js data', group='js', fatal=fatal, **kw),
+            video_id, transform_source=transform_source, fatal=fatal)
+
+    def __handle_request_webpage_error(self, err, video_id=None, errnote=None, fatal=True):
+        if errnote is False:
+            return False
+        if errnote is None:
+            errnote = 'Unable to download webpage'
+
+        errmsg = '%s: %s' % (errnote, error_to_compat_str(err))
+        if fatal:
+            raise ExtractorError(errmsg, sys.exc_info()[2], cause=err, video_id=video_id)
+        else:
+            self._downloader.report_warning(errmsg)
+            return False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _vanilla_ua_header():
+        return {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'}
+
+    def _download_webpage_handle(self, url, video_id, *args, **kwargs):
+        # specialised to (a) use vanilla UA (b) detect geo-block
+        params = self._downloader.params
+        nkwargs = {}
+        if (
+                'user_agent' not in params
+                and not any(re.match(r'(?i)user-agent\s*:', h)
+                            for h in (params.get('headers') or []))
+                and 'User-Agent' not in (kwargs.get('headers') or {})):
+
+            kwargs.setdefault('headers', {})
+            kwargs['headers'] = self._vanilla_ua_header()
+            nkwargs = kwargs
+        if kwargs.get('expected_status') is not None:
+            exp = kwargs['expected_status']
+            if isinstance(exp, compat_integer_types):
+                exp = [exp]
+            if isinstance(exp, (list, tuple)) and 403 not in exp:
+                kwargs['expected_status'] = [403]
+                kwargs['expected_status'].extend(exp)
+                nkwargs = kwargs
+        else:
+            kwargs['expected_status'] = 403
+            nkwargs = kwargs
+
+        if nkwargs:
+            kwargs = compat_kwargs(kwargs)
+
+        ret = super(ITVBaseIE, self)._download_webpage_handle(url, video_id, *args, **kwargs)
+        if ret is False:
+            return ret
+        webpage, urlh = ret
+
+        if urlh.getcode() == 403:
+            # geo-block error is like this, with an unnecessary 'Of':
+            # '{\n  "Message" : "Request Originated Outside Of Allowed Geographic Region",\
+            # \n  "TransactionId" : "oas-magni-475082-xbYF0W"\n}'
+            if '"Request Originated Outside Of Allowed Geographic Region"' in webpage:
+                self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=['GB'])
+            ret = self.__handle_request_webpage_error(
+                compat_HTTPError(urlh.geturl(), 403, 'HTTP Error 403: Forbidden', urlh.headers, urlh),
+                fatal=kwargs.get('fatal'))
+
+        return ret
+
+
+class ITVIE(ITVBaseIE):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?itv\.com/(?:(?P<w>watch)|hub)/[^/]+/(?(w)[\w-]+/)(?P<id>\w+)'
+    _IE_DESC = 'ITVX'
    _TESTS = [{
+        'note': 'Hub URLs redirect to ITVX',
        'url': 'https://www.itv.com/hub/liar/2a4547a0012',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '2a4547a0012',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Liar - Series 2 - Episode 6',
-            'description': 'md5:d0f91536569dec79ea184f0a44cca089',
-            'series': 'Liar',
-            'season_number': 2,
-            'episode_number': 6,
-        },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
+        'only_matching': True,
    }, {
-        # unavailable via data-playlist-url
+        'note': 'Hub page unavailable via data-playlist-url (404 now)',
        'url': 'https://www.itv.com/hub/through-the-keyhole/2a2271a0033',
        'only_matching': True,
    }, {
-        # InvalidVodcrid
+        'note': 'Hub page with InvalidVodcrid (404 now)',
        'url': 'https://www.itv.com/hub/james-martins-saturday-morning/2a5159a0034',
        'only_matching': True,
    }, {
-        # ContentUnavailable
+        'note': 'Hub page with ContentUnavailable (404 now)',
        'url': 'https://www.itv.com/hub/whos-doing-the-dishes/2a2898a0024',
        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
+    }, {
+        'note': 'ITVX, or itvX, show',
+        'url': 'https://www.itv.com/watch/vera/1a7314/1a7314a0014',
+        'md5': 'bd0ad666b2c058fffe7d036785880064',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1a7314a0014',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Vera - Series 3 - Episode 4 - Prodigal Son',
+            'description': 'Vera and her team investigate the fatal stabbing of an ex-Met police officer outside a busy Newcastle nightclub - but there aren\'t many clues.',
+            'timestamp': 1653591600,
+            'upload_date': '20220526',
+            'uploader': 'ITVX',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://\w+\.itv\.com/images/(?:\w+/)+\d+x\d+\?',
+            'duration': 5340.8,
+            'age_limit': 16,
+            'series': 'Vera',
+            'series_number': 3,
+            'episode': 'Prodigal Son',
+            'episode_number': 4,
+            'channel': 'ITV3',
+            'categories': list,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            # m3u8 download
+            # 'skip_download': True,
+        },
+        'skip': 'only available in UK',
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Latest ITV news bulletin: details change daily',
+        'url': 'https://www.itv.com/watch/news/varies-but-is-not-checked/6js5d0f',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '6js5d0f',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': r're:The latest ITV News headlines - \S.+',
+            'description': r'''re:.* today's top stories from the ITV News team.$''',
+            'timestamp': int,
+            'upload_date': r're:2\d\d\d(?:0[1-9]|1[0-2])(?:[012][1-9]|3[01])',
+            'uploader': 'ITVX',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://images\.ctfassets\.net/(?:\w+/)+[\w.]+\.(?:jpg|png)',
+            'duration': float,
+            'age_limit': None,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            # variable download
+            # 'skip_download': True,
+        },
+        'skip': 'only available in UK',
+    }
+    ]
+
+    def _og_extract(self, webpage, require_title=False):
+        return {
+            'title': self._og_search_title(webpage, fatal=require_title),
+            'description': self._og_search_description(webpage, default=None),
+            'thumbnail': self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage, default=None),
+            'uploader': self._og_search_property('site_name', webpage, default=None),
+        }

    def _real_extract(self, url):
        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-        params = extract_attributes(self._search_regex(
-            r'(?s)(<[^>]+id="video"[^>]*>)', webpage, 'params'))

-        ios_playlist_url = params.get('data-video-playlist') or params['data-video-id']
-        hmac = params['data-video-hmac']
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+
+        # now quite different params!
+        params = extract_attributes(self._search_regex(
+            r'''(<[^>]+\b(?:class|data-testid)\s*=\s*("|')genie-container\2[^>]*>)''',
+            webpage, 'params'))
+
+        ios_playlist_url = traverse_obj(
+            params, 'data-video-id', 'data-video-playlist',
+            get_all=False, expected_type=url_or_none)
+
        headers = self.geo_verification_headers()
        headers.update({
            'Accept': 'application/vnd.itv.vod.playlist.v2+json',
            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-            'hmac': hmac.upper(),
        })
        ios_playlist = self._download_json(
            ios_playlist_url, video_id, data=json.dumps({
                'user': {
-                    'itvUserId': '',
                    'entitlements': [],
-                    'token': ''
                },
                'device': {
-                    'manufacturer': 'Safari',
-                    'model': '5',
+                    'manufacturer': 'Mobile Safari',
+                    'model': '5.1',
                    'os': {
-                        'name': 'Windows NT',
-                        'version': '6.1',
-                        'type': 'desktop'
+                        'name': 'iOS',
+                        'version': '5.0',
+                        'type': ' mobile'
                    }
                },
                'client': {
                    'version': '4.1',
-                    'id': 'browser'
+                    'id': 'browser',
+                    'supportsAdPods': True,
+                    'service': 'itv.x',
+                    'appversion': '2.43.28',
                },
                'variantAvailability': {
+                    'player': 'hls',
                    'featureset': {
                        'min': ['hls', 'aes', 'outband-webvtt'],
                        'max': ['hls', 'aes', 'outband-webvtt']
                    },
-                    'platformTag': 'dotcom'
+                    'platformTag': 'mobile'
                }
            }).encode(), headers=headers)
        video_data = ios_playlist['Playlist']['Video']
-        ios_base_url = video_data.get('Base')
+        ios_base_url = traverse_obj(video_data, 'Base', expected_type=url_or_none)
+
+        media_url = (
+            (lambda u: url_or_none(urljoin(ios_base_url, u)))
+            if ios_base_url else url_or_none)

        formats = []
-        for media_file in (video_data.get('MediaFiles') or []):
-            href = media_file.get('Href')
+        for media_file in traverse_obj(video_data, 'MediaFiles', expected_type=list) or []:
+            href = traverse_obj(media_file, 'Href', expected_type=media_url)
            if not href:
                continue
-            if ios_base_url:
-                href = ios_base_url + href
            ext = determine_ext(href)
            if ext == 'm3u8':
                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                    href, video_id, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native',
+                    href, video_id, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8',
                    m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
+
            else:
                formats.append({
                    'url': href,
                })
        self._sort_formats(formats)
+        for f in formats:
+            f.setdefault('http_headers', {})
+            f['http_headers'].update(self._vanilla_ua_header())

        subtitles = {}
-        subs = video_data.get('Subtitles') or []
-        for sub in subs:
-            if not isinstance(sub, dict):
-                continue
-            href = url_or_none(sub.get('Href'))
+        for sub in traverse_obj(video_data, 'Subtitles', expected_type=list) or []:
+            href = traverse_obj(sub, 'Href', expected_type=url_or_none)
            if not href:
                continue
            subtitles.setdefault('en', []).append({
@ -127,59 +270,132 @@ class ITVIE(InfoExtractor):
                'ext': determine_ext(href, 'vtt'),
            })

-        info = self._search_json_ld(webpage, video_id, default={})
-        if not info:
-            json_ld = self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
-                JSON_LD_RE, webpage, 'JSON-LD', '{}',
-                group='json_ld'), video_id, fatal=False)
-            if json_ld and json_ld.get('@type') == 'BreadcrumbList':
-                for ile in (json_ld.get('itemListElement:') or []):
-                    item = ile.get('item:') or {}
-                    if item.get('@type') == 'TVEpisode':
-                        item['@context'] = 'http://schema.org'
-                        info = self._json_ld(item, video_id, fatal=False) or {}
-                        break
+        next_data = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, video_id, fatal=False, default='{}')
+        video_data.update(traverse_obj(next_data, ('props', 'pageProps', ('title', 'episode')), expected_type=dict)[0] or {})
+        title = traverse_obj(video_data, 'headerTitle', 'episodeTitle')
+        info = self._og_extract(webpage, require_title=not title)
+        tn = info.pop('thumbnail', None)
+        if tn:
+            info['thumbnails'] = [{'url': tn}]
+
+        # num. episode title
+        num_ep_title = video_data.get('numberedEpisodeTitle')
+        if not num_ep_title:
+            num_ep_title = clean_html(get_element_by_attribute('data-testid', 'episode-hero-description-strong', webpage))
+            num_ep_title = num_ep_title and num_ep_title.rstrip(' -')
+        ep_title = strip_or_none(
+            video_data.get('episodeTitle')
+            or (num_ep_title.split('.', 1)[-1] if num_ep_title else None))
+        title = title or re.sub(r'\s+-\s+ITVX$', '', info['title'])
+        if ep_title and ep_title != title:
+            title = title + ' - ' + ep_title
+
+        def get_thumbnails():
+            tns = []
+            for w, x in (traverse_obj(video_data, ('imagePresets'), expected_type=dict) or {}).items():
+                if isinstance(x, dict):
+                    for y, z in x.items():
+                        tns.append({'id': w + '_' + y, 'url': z})
+            return tns or None
+
+        video_str = lambda *x: traverse_obj(
+            video_data, *x, get_all=False, expected_type=strip_or_none)

        return merge_dicts({
            'id': video_id,
-            'title': self._html_search_meta(['og:title', 'twitter:title'], webpage),
+            'title': title,
            'formats': formats,
            'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'duration': parse_duration(video_data.get('Duration')),
-            'description': clean_html(get_element_by_class('episode-info__synopsis', webpage)),
+            # parsing hh:mm:ss:nnn not yet patched
+            'duration': parse_duration(re.sub(r'(\d{2})(:)(\d{3}$)', r'\1.\3', video_data.get('Duration') or '')),
+            'description': video_str('synopsis'),
+            'timestamp': traverse_obj(video_data, 'broadcastDateTime', 'dateTime', expected_type=parse_iso8601),
+            'thumbnails': get_thumbnails(),
+            'series': video_str('showTitle', 'programmeTitle'),
+            'series_number': int_or_none(video_data.get('seriesNumber')),
+            'episode': ep_title,
+            'episode_number': int_or_none((num_ep_title or '').split('.')[0]),
+            'channel': video_str('channel'),
+            'categories': traverse_obj(video_data, ('categories', 'formatted'), expected_type=list),
+            'age_limit': {False: 16, True: 0}.get(video_data.get('isChildrenCategory')),
        }, info)


-class ITVBTCCIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?itv\.com/btcc/(?:[^/]+/)*(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
-    _TEST = {
-        'url': 'http://www.itv.com/btcc/races/btcc-2018-all-the-action-from-brands-hatch',
+class ITVBTCCIE(ITVBaseIE):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?itv\.com/(?!(?:watch|hub)/)(?:[^/]+/)+(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
+    _IE_DESC = 'ITV articles: News, British Touring Car Championship'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'note': 'British Touring Car Championship',
+        'url': 'https://www.itv.com/btcc/articles/btcc-2018-all-the-action-from-brands-hatch',
        'info_dict': {
            'id': 'btcc-2018-all-the-action-from-brands-hatch',
            'title': 'BTCC 2018: All the action from Brands Hatch',
        },
        'playlist_mincount': 9,
-    }
-    BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://players.brightcove.net/1582188683001/HkiHLnNRx_default/index.html?videoId=%s'
+    }, {
+        'note': 'redirects to /btcc/articles/...',
+        'url': 'http://www.itv.com/btcc/races/btcc-2018-all-the-action-from-brands-hatch',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'news article',
+        'url': 'https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2020-07-23/sean-fletcher-shows-off-wales-coastline-in-new-itv-series-as-british-tourists-opt-for-staycations',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'sean-fletcher-shows-off-wales-coastline-in-new-itv-series-as-british-tourists-opt-for-staycations',
+            'title': '''Sean Fletcher on why Wales' coastline should be your 'staycation' destination | ITV News''',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 1,
+    }]
+
+    # should really be a class var of the BC IE
+    BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://players.brightcove.net/%s/%s_default/index.html?videoId=%s'
+    BRIGHTCOVE_ACCOUNT = '1582188683001'
+    BRIGHTCOVE_PLAYER = 'HkiHLnNRx'

    def _real_extract(self, url):
        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)

-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
+        webpage, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(url, playlist_id)
+        link = compat_urlparse.urlparse(urlh.geturl()).path.strip('/')

-        entries = [
-            self.url_result(
-                smuggle_url(self.BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE % video_id, {
-                    # ITV does not like some GB IP ranges, so here are some
-                    # IP blocks it accepts
-                    'geo_ip_blocks': [
-                        '193.113.0.0/16', '54.36.162.0/23', '159.65.16.0/21'
-                    ],
-                    'referrer': url,
-                }),
-                ie=BrightcoveNewIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id)
-            for video_id in re.findall(r'data-video-id=["\'](\d+)', webpage)]
+        next_data = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, playlist_id, fatal=False, default='{}')
+        path_prefix = compat_urlparse.urlparse(next_data.get('assetPrefix') or '').path.strip('/')
+        link = remove_start(link, path_prefix).strip('/')
+
+        content = traverse_obj(
+            next_data, ('props', 'pageProps', Ellipsis),
+            expected_type=lambda x: x if x['link'] == link else None,
+            get_all=False, default={})
+        content = traverse_obj(
+            content, ('body', 'content', Ellipsis, 'data'),
+            expected_type=lambda x: x if x.get('name') == 'Brightcove' or x.get('type') == 'Brightcove' else None)
+
+        contraband = {
+            # ITV does not like some GB IP ranges, so here are some
+            # IP blocks it accepts
+            'geo_ip_blocks': [
+                '193.113.0.0/16', '54.36.162.0/23', '159.65.16.0/21'
+            ],
+            'referrer': urlh.geturl(),
+        }
+
+        def entries():
+
+            for data in content or []:
+                video_id = data.get('id')
+                if not video_id:
+                    continue
+                account = data.get('accountId') or self.BRIGHTCOVE_ACCOUNT
+                player = data.get('playerId') or self.BRIGHTCOVE_PLAYER
+                yield self.url_result(
+                    smuggle_url(self.BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE % (account, player, video_id), contraband),
+                    ie=BrightcoveNewIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id)
+
+            # obsolete ?
+            for video_id in re.findall(r'''data-video-id=["'](\d+)''', webpage):
+                yield self.url_result(
+                    smuggle_url(self.BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE % (self.BRIGHTCOVE_ACCOUNT, self.BRIGHTCOVE_PLAYER, video_id), contraband),
+                    ie=BrightcoveNewIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id)

        title = self._og_search_title(webpage, fatal=False)

-        return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id, title)
+        return self.playlist_result(entries(), playlist_id, title)
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/kaltura.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/kaltura.py
@ -373,5 +373,5 @@ class KalturaIE(InfoExtractor):
            'duration': info.get('duration'),
            'timestamp': info.get('createdAt'),
            'uploader_id': info.get('userId') if info.get('userId') != 'None' else None,
-            'view_count': info.get('plays'),
+            'view_count': int_or_none(info.get('plays')),
        }
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/kommunetv.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/kommunetv.py
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import update_url
+
+
+class KommunetvIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https://(\w+).kommunetv.no/archive/(?P<id>\w+)'
+    _TEST = {
+        'url': 'https://oslo.kommunetv.no/archive/921',
+        'md5': '5f102be308ee759be1e12b63d5da4bbc',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '921',
+            'title': 'Bystyremøte',
+            'ext': 'mp4'
+        }
+    }
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        headers = {
+            'Accept': 'application/json'
+        }
+        data = self._download_json('https://oslo.kommunetv.no/api/streams?streamType=1&id=%s' % video_id, video_id, headers=headers)
+        title = data['stream']['title']
+        file = data['playlist'][0]['playlist'][0]['file']
+        url = update_url(file, query=None, fragment=None)
+        formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(url, video_id, ext='mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
+        self._sort_formats(formats)
+        return {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'title': title
+        }
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/kth.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/kth.py
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import smuggle_url
+
+
+class KTHIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://play\.kth\.se/(?:[^/]+/)+(?P<id>[a-z0-9_]+)'
+    _TEST = {
+        'url': 'https://play.kth.se/media/Lunch+breakA+De+nya+aff%C3%A4rerna+inom+Fordonsdalen/0_uoop6oz9',
+        'md5': 'd83ada6d00ca98b73243a88efe19e8a6',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '0_uoop6oz9',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'md5:bd1d6931facb6828762a33e6ce865f37',
+            'thumbnail': 're:https?://.+/thumbnail/.+',
+            'duration': 3516,
+            'timestamp': 1647345358,
+            'upload_date': '20220315',
+            'uploader_id': 'md5:0ec23e33a89e795a4512930c8102509f',
+        }
+    }
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        result = self.url_result(
+            smuggle_url('kaltura:308:%s' % video_id, {
+                'service_url': 'https://api.kaltura.nordu.net'}),
+            'Kaltura')
+        return result
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/manyvids.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/manyvids.py
@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 # coding: utf-8
 from __future__ import unicode_literals

+import re
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
    determine_ext,
+    extract_attributes,
    int_or_none,
    str_to_int,
+    url_or_none,
    urlencode_postdata,
 )

@ -20,17 +25,20 @@ class ManyVidsIE(InfoExtractor):
            'id': '133957',
            'ext': 'mp4',
            'title': 'everthing about me (Preview)',
+            'uploader': 'ellyxxix',
            'view_count': int,
            'like_count': int,
        },
    }, {
        # full video
        'url': 'https://www.manyvids.com/Video/935718/MY-FACE-REVEAL/',
-        'md5': 'f3e8f7086409e9b470e2643edb96bdcc',
+        'md5': 'bb47bab0e0802c2a60c24ef079dfe60f',
        'info_dict': {
            'id': '935718',
            'ext': 'mp4',
            'title': 'MY FACE REVEAL',
+            'description': 'md5:ec5901d41808b3746fed90face161612',
+            'uploader': 'Sarah Calanthe',
            'view_count': int,
            'like_count': int,
        },
@ -39,17 +47,50 @@ class ManyVidsIE(InfoExtractor):
    def _real_extract(self, url):
        video_id = self._match_id(url)

-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+        real_url = 'https://www.manyvids.com/video/%s/gtm.js' % (video_id, )
+        try:
+            webpage = self._download_webpage(real_url, video_id)
+        except Exception:
+            # probably useless fallback
+            webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)

-        video_url = self._search_regex(
-            r'data-(?:video-filepath|meta-video)\s*=s*(["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
-            webpage, 'video URL', group='url')
+        info = self._search_regex(
+            r'''(<div\b[^>]*\bid\s*=\s*(['"])pageMetaDetails\2[^>]*>)''',
+            webpage, 'meta details', default='')
+        info = extract_attributes(info)

-        title = self._html_search_regex(
-            (r'<span[^>]+class=["\']item-title[^>]+>([^<]+)',
-             r'<h2[^>]+class=["\']h2 m-0["\'][^>]*>([^<]+)'),
-            webpage, 'title', default=None) or self._html_search_meta(
-            'twitter:title', webpage, 'title', fatal=True)
+        player = self._search_regex(
+            r'''(<div\b[^>]*\bid\s*=\s*(['"])rmpPlayerStream\2[^>]*>)''',
+            webpage, 'player details', default='')
+        player = extract_attributes(player)
+
+        video_urls_and_ids = (
+            (info.get('data-meta-video'), 'video'),
+            (player.get('data-video-transcoded'), 'transcoded'),
+            (player.get('data-video-filepath'), 'filepath'),
+            (self._og_search_video_url(webpage, secure=False, default=None), 'og_video'),
+        )
+
+        def txt_or_none(s, default=None):
+            return (s.strip() or default) if isinstance(s, compat_str) else default
+
+        uploader = txt_or_none(info.get('data-meta-author'))
+
+        def mung_title(s):
+            if uploader:
+                s = re.sub(r'^\s*%s\s+[|-]' % (re.escape(uploader), ), '', s)
+            return txt_or_none(s)
+
+        title = (
+            mung_title(info.get('data-meta-title'))
+            or self._html_search_regex(
+                (r'<span[^>]+class=["\']item-title[^>]+>([^<]+)',
+                 r'<h2[^>]+class=["\']h2 m-0["\'][^>]*>([^<]+)'),
+                webpage, 'title', default=None)
+            or self._html_search_meta(
+                'twitter:title', webpage, 'title', fatal=True))
+
+        title = re.sub(r'\s*[|-]\s+ManyVids\s*$', '', title) or title

        if any(p in webpage for p in ('preview_videos', '_preview.mp4')):
            title += ' (Preview)'
@ -62,7 +103,8 @@ class ManyVidsIE(InfoExtractor):
            # Sets some cookies
            self._download_webpage(
                'https://www.manyvids.com/includes/ajax_repository/you_had_me_at_hello.php',
-                video_id, fatal=False, data=urlencode_postdata({
+                video_id, note='Setting format cookies', fatal=False,
+                data=urlencode_postdata({
                    'mvtoken': mv_token,
                    'vid': video_id,
                }), headers={
@ -70,23 +112,56 @@ class ManyVidsIE(InfoExtractor):
                    'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'
                })

-        if determine_ext(video_url) == 'm3u8':
-            formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                video_url, video_id, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native',
-                m3u8_id='hls')
-        else:
-            formats = [{'url': video_url}]
+        formats = []
+        for v_url, fmt in video_urls_and_ids:
+            v_url = url_or_none(v_url)
+            if not v_url:
+                continue
+            if determine_ext(v_url) == 'm3u8':
+                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+                    v_url, video_id, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native',
+                    m3u8_id='hls'))
+            else:
+                formats.append({
+                    'url': v_url,
+                    'format_id': fmt,
+                })

-        like_count = int_or_none(self._search_regex(
-            r'data-likes=["\'](\d+)', webpage, 'like count', default=None))
-        view_count = str_to_int(self._html_search_regex(
-            r'(?s)<span[^>]+class="views-wrapper"[^>]*>(.+?)</span', webpage,
-            'view count', default=None))
+        self._remove_duplicate_formats(formats)
+
+        for f in formats:
+            if f.get('height') is None:
+                f['height'] = int_or_none(
+                    self._search_regex(r'_(\d{2,3}[02468])_', f['url'], 'video height', default=None))
+            if '/preview/' in f['url']:
+                f['format_id'] = '_'.join(filter(None, (f.get('format_id'), 'preview')))
+                f['preference'] = -10
+            if 'transcoded' in f['format_id']:
+                f['preference'] = f.get('preference', -1) - 1
+
+        self._sort_formats(formats)
+
+        def get_likes():
+            likes = self._search_regex(
+                r'''(<a\b[^>]*\bdata-id\s*=\s*(['"])%s\2[^>]*>)''' % (video_id, ),
+                webpage, 'likes', default='')
+            likes = extract_attributes(likes)
+            return int_or_none(likes.get('data-likes'))
+
+        def get_views():
+            return str_to_int(self._html_search_regex(
+                r'''(?s)<span\b[^>]*\bclass\s*=["']views-wrapper\b[^>]+>.+?<span\b[^>]+>\s*(\d[\d,.]*)\s*</span>''',
+                webpage, 'view count', default=None))

        return {
            'id': video_id,
            'title': title,
-            'view_count': view_count,
-            'like_count': like_count,
            'formats': formats,
+            'description': txt_or_none(info.get('data-meta-description')),
+            'uploader': txt_or_none(info.get('data-meta-author')),
+            'thumbnail': (
+                url_or_none(info.get('data-meta-image'))
+                or url_or_none(player.get('data-video-screenshot'))),
+            'view_count': get_views(),
+            'like_count': get_likes(),
        }
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/mediaset.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/mediaset.py
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class MediasetIE(ThePlatformBaseIE):
                            (?:(?:www|static3)\.)?mediasetplay\.mediaset\.it/
                            (?:
                                (?:video|on-demand|movie)/(?:[^/]+/)+[^/]+_|
-                                player/index\.html\?.*?\bprogramGuid=
+                                player(?:/v\d+)?/index\.html\?.*?\bprogramGuid=
                            )
                    )(?P<id>[0-9A-Z]{16,})
                    '''
@ -73,6 +73,10 @@ class MediasetIE(ThePlatformBaseIE):
        # iframe twitter (from http://www.wittytv.it/se-prima-mi-fidavo-zero/)
        'url': 'https://static3.mediasetplay.mediaset.it/player/index.html?appKey=5ad3966b1de1c4000d5cec48&programGuid=FAFU000000665104&id=665104',
        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # embedUrl (from https://www.wittytv.it/amici/est-ce-que-tu-maimes-gabriele-5-dicembre-copia/)
+        'url': 'https://static3.mediasetplay.mediaset.it/player/v2/index.html?partnerId=wittytv&configId=&programGuid=FD00000000153323&autoplay=true&purl=http://www.wittytv.it/amici/est-ce-que-tu-maimes-gabriele-5-dicembre-copia/',
+        'only_matching': True,
    }, {
        'url': 'mediaset:FAFU000000665924',
        'only_matching': True,
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/minds.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/minds.py
@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class MindsIE(MindsBaseIE):
            else:
                return self.url_result(entity['perma_url'])
        else:
-            assert(entity['subtype'] == 'video')
+            assert (entity['subtype'] == 'video')
            video_id = entity_id
        # 1080p and webm formats available only on the sources array
        video = self._call_api(
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/mixcloud.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/mixcloud.py
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# coding: utf-8
 from __future__ import unicode_literals

 import itertools
@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ from ..compat import (
    compat_ord,
    compat_str,
    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-    compat_zip
+    compat_zip as zip,
 )
 from ..utils import (
    int_or_none,
@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ class MixcloudBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
    def _call_api(self, object_type, object_fields, display_id, username, slug=None):
        lookup_key = object_type + 'Lookup'
        return self._download_json(
-            'https://www.mixcloud.com/graphql', display_id, query={
+            'https://app.mixcloud.com/graphql', display_id, query={
                'query': '''{
  %s(lookup: {username: "%s"%s}) {
    %s
@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ class MixcloudIE(MixcloudBaseIE):
            'ext': 'm4a',
            'title': 'Cryptkeeper',
            'description': 'After quite a long silence from myself, finally another Drum\'n\'Bass mix with my favourite current dance floor bangers.',
-            'uploader': 'Daniel Holbach',
+            'uploader': 'dholbach',  # was: 'Daniel Holbach',
            'uploader_id': 'dholbach',
            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg',
            'view_count': int,
@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ class MixcloudIE(MixcloudBaseIE):
            'id': 'gillespeterson_caribou-7-inch-vinyl-mix-chat',
            'ext': 'mp3',
            'title': 'Caribou 7 inch Vinyl Mix & Chat',
-            'description': 'md5:2b8aec6adce69f9d41724647c65875e8',
+            'description': r're:Last week Dan Snaith aka Caribou swung by the Brownswood.{136}',
            'uploader': 'Gilles Peterson Worldwide',
            'uploader_id': 'gillespeterson',
            'thumbnail': 're:https?://.*',
@ -65,6 +66,23 @@ class MixcloudIE(MixcloudBaseIE):
            'timestamp': 1422987057,
            'upload_date': '20150203',
        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': '404 not found',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.mixcloud.com/gillespeterson/carnival-m%C3%BAsica-popular-brasileira-mix/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'gillespeterson_carnival-música-popular-brasileira-mix',
+            'ext': 'm4a',
+            'title': 'Carnival Música Popular Brasileira Mix',
+            'description': r're:Gilles was recently in Brazil to play at Boiler Room.{208}',
+            'timestamp': 1454347174,
+            'upload_date': '20160201',
+            'uploader': 'Gilles Peterson Worldwide',
+            'uploader_id': 'gillespeterson',
+            'thumbnail': 're:https?://.*',
+            'view_count': int,
+        },
    }, {
        'url': 'https://beta.mixcloud.com/RedLightRadio/nosedrip-15-red-light-radio-01-18-2016/',
        'only_matching': True,
@ -76,10 +94,10 @@ class MixcloudIE(MixcloudBaseIE):
        """Encrypt/Decrypt XOR cipher. Both ways are possible because it's XOR."""
        return ''.join([
            compat_chr(compat_ord(ch) ^ compat_ord(k))
-            for ch, k in compat_zip(ciphertext, itertools.cycle(key))])
+            for ch, k in zip(ciphertext, itertools.cycle(key))])

    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        username, slug = re.match(self._VALID_URL, url).groups()
+        username, slug = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
        username, slug = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(username), compat_urllib_parse_unquote(slug)
        track_id = '%s_%s' % (username, slug)

--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/motherless.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/motherless.py
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# coding: utf-8
 from __future__ import unicode_literals

 import datetime
@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ class MotherlessIE(InfoExtractor):
            'title': 'a/ Hot Teens',
            'categories': list,
            'upload_date': '20210104',
-            'uploader_id': 'yonbiw',
+            'uploader_id': 'anonymous',
            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg',
            'age_limit': 18,
        },
@ -125,9 +126,10 @@ class MotherlessIE(InfoExtractor):
                kwargs = {_AGO_UNITS.get(uploaded_ago[-1]): delta}
                upload_date = (datetime.datetime.utcnow() - datetime.timedelta(**kwargs)).strftime('%Y%m%d')

-        comment_count = webpage.count('class="media-comment-contents"')
+        comment_count = len(re.findall(r'''class\s*=\s*['"]media-comment-contents\b''', webpage))
        uploader_id = self._html_search_regex(
-            r'"thumb-member-username">\s+<a href="/m/([^"]+)"',
+            (r'''<span\b[^>]+\bclass\s*=\s*["']username\b[^>]*>([^<]+)</span>''',
+             r'''(?s)['"](?:media-meta-member|thumb-member-username)\b[^>]+>\s*<a\b[^>]+\bhref\s*=\s*['"]/m/([^"']+)'''),
            webpage, 'uploader_id')

        categories = self._html_search_meta('keywords', webpage, default=None)
@ -169,7 +171,18 @@ class MotherlessGroupIE(InfoExtractor):
            'description': 'Sex can be funny. Wide smiles,laugh, games, fun of '
                           'any kind!'
        },
-        'playlist_mincount': 9,
+        'playlist_mincount': 0,
+        'expected_warnings': [
+            'This group has no videos.',
+        ]
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://motherless.com/g/beautiful_cock',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'beautiful_cock',
+            'title': 'Beautiful Cock',
+            'description': 'Group for lovely cocks yours, mine, a friends anything human',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 2500,
    }]

    @classmethod
@ -208,16 +221,23 @@ class MotherlessGroupIE(InfoExtractor):
            r'<title>([\w\s]+\w)\s+-', webpage, 'title', fatal=False)
        description = self._html_search_meta(
            'description', webpage, fatal=False)
-        page_count = self._int(self._search_regex(
-            r'(\d+)</(?:a|span)><(?:a|span)[^>]+>\s*NEXT',
-            webpage, 'page_count'), 'page_count')
+        page_count = str_to_int(self._search_regex(
+            r'(\d+)\s*</(?:a|span)>\s*<(?:a|span)[^>]+(?:>\s*NEXT|\brel\s*=\s*["\']?next)\b',
+            webpage, 'page_count', default=0))
+        if not page_count:
+            message = self._search_regex(
+                r'''class\s*=\s*['"]error-page\b[^>]*>\s*<p[^>]*>\s*(?P<error_msg>[^<]+)(?<=\S)\s*''',
+                webpage, 'error_msg', default=None) or 'This group has no videos.'
+            self.report_warning(message, group_id)
+            page_count = 1
        PAGE_SIZE = 80

        def _get_page(idx):
-            webpage = self._download_webpage(
-                page_url, group_id, query={'page': idx + 1},
-                note='Downloading page %d/%d' % (idx + 1, page_count)
-            )
+            if idx > 0:
+                webpage = self._download_webpage(
+                    page_url, group_id, query={'page': idx + 1},
+                    note='Downloading page %d/%d' % (idx + 1, page_count)
+                )
            for entry in self._extract_entries(webpage, url):
                yield entry

--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/myspass.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/myspass.py
@ -35,7 +35,9 @@ class MySpassIE(InfoExtractor):
        title = xpath_text(metadata, 'title', fatal=True)
        video_url = xpath_text(metadata, 'url_flv', 'download url', True)
        video_id_int = int(video_id)
-        for group in re.search(r'/myspass2009/\d+/(\d+)/(\d+)/(\d+)/', video_url).groups():
+
+        grps = re.search(r'/myspass2009/\d+/(\d+)/(\d+)/(\d+)/', video_url)
+        for group in grps.groups() if grps else []:
            group_int = int(group)
            if group_int > video_id_int:
                video_url = video_url.replace(
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/myvideoge.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/myvideoge.py
@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import re
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import (
+    clean_html,
+    get_element_by_id,
+    get_element_by_class,
+    int_or_none,
+    js_to_json,
+    MONTH_NAMES,
+    qualities,
+    unified_strdate,
+)
+
+
+class MyVideoGeIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?myvideo\.ge/v/(?P<id>[0-9]+)'
+    _TEST = {
+        'url': 'https://www.myvideo.ge/v/3941048',
+        'md5': '8c192a7d2b15454ba4f29dc9c9a52ea9',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3941048',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'The best prikol',
+            'upload_date': '20200611',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'uploader': 'chixa33',
+            'description': 'md5:5b067801318e33c2e6eea4ab90b1fdd3',
+        },
+        # working from local dev system
+        'skip': 'site blocks CI servers',
+    }
+    _MONTH_NAMES_KA = ['იანვარი', 'თებერვალი', 'მარტი', 'აპრილი', 'მაისი', 'ივნისი', 'ივლისი', 'აგვისტო', 'სექტემბერი', 'ოქტომბერი', 'ნოემბერი', 'დეკემბერი']
+
+    _quality = staticmethod(qualities(('SD', 'HD')))
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+
+        title = (
+            self._og_search_title(webpage, default=None)
+            or clean_html(get_element_by_class('my_video_title', webpage))
+            or self._html_search_regex(r'<title\b[^>]*>([^<]+)</title\b', webpage, 'title'))
+
+        jwplayer_sources = self._parse_json(
+            self._search_regex(
+                r'''(?s)jwplayer\s*\(\s*['"]mvplayer['"]\s*\)\s*\.\s*setup\s*\(.*?\bsources\s*:\s*(\[.*?])\s*[,});]''', webpage, 'jwplayer sources', fatal=False)
+            or '',
+            video_id, transform_source=js_to_json, fatal=False)
+
+        formats = self._parse_jwplayer_formats(jwplayer_sources or [], video_id)
+        for f in formats or []:
+            f['preference'] = self._quality(f['format_id'])
+        self._sort_formats(formats)
+
+        description = (
+            self._og_search_description(webpage)
+            or get_element_by_id('long_desc_holder', webpage)
+            or self._html_search_meta('description', webpage))
+
+        uploader = self._search_regex(r'<a[^>]+class="mv_user_name"[^>]*>([^<]+)<', webpage, 'uploader', fatal=False)
+
+        upload_date = get_element_by_class('mv_vid_upl_date', webpage)
+        # as ka locale may not be present roll a local date conversion
+        upload_date = (unified_strdate(
+            # translate any ka month to an en one
+            re.sub('|'.join(self._MONTH_NAMES_KA),
+                   lambda m: MONTH_NAMES['en'][self._MONTH_NAMES_KA.index(m.group(0))],
+                   upload_date, re.I))
+            if upload_date else None)
+
+        return {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'title': title,
+            'description': description,
+            'uploader': uploader,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'thumbnail': self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage),
+            'upload_date': upload_date,
+            'view_count': int_or_none(get_element_by_class('mv_vid_views', webpage)),
+            'like_count': int_or_none(get_element_by_id('likes_count', webpage)),
+            'dislike_count': int_or_none(get_element_by_id('dislikes_count', webpage)),
+        }
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/neteasemusic.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/neteasemusic.py
@ -1,20 +1,32 @@
 # coding: utf-8
 from __future__ import unicode_literals

-from hashlib import md5
 from base64 import b64encode
+from binascii import hexlify
 from datetime import datetime
+from hashlib import md5
+from random import randint
+import json
 import re
+import time

 from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..aes import aes_ecb_encrypt, pkcs7_padding
 from ..compat import (
    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
    compat_str,
    compat_itertools_count,
 )
 from ..utils import (
-    sanitized_Request,
+    ExtractorError,
+    bytes_to_intlist,
+    error_to_compat_str,
    float_or_none,
+    int_or_none,
+    intlist_to_bytes,
+    sanitized_Request,
+    std_headers,
+    try_get,
 )


@ -35,32 +47,106 @@ class NetEaseMusicBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
        result = b64encode(m.digest()).decode('ascii')
        return result.replace('/', '_').replace('+', '-')

+    @classmethod
+    def make_player_api_request_data_and_headers(cls, song_id, bitrate):
+        KEY = b'e82ckenh8dichen8'
+        URL = '/api/song/enhance/player/url'
+        now = int(time.time() * 1000)
+        rand = randint(0, 1000)
+        cookie = {
+            'osver': None,
+            'deviceId': None,
+            'appver': '8.0.0',
+            'versioncode': '140',
+            'mobilename': None,
+            'buildver': '1623435496',
+            'resolution': '1920x1080',
+            '__csrf': '',
+            'os': 'pc',
+            'channel': None,
+            'requestId': '{0}_{1:04}'.format(now, rand),
+        }
+        request_text = json.dumps(
+            {'ids': '[{0}]'.format(song_id), 'br': bitrate, 'header': cookie},
+            separators=(',', ':'))
+        message = 'nobody{0}use{1}md5forencrypt'.format(
+            URL, request_text).encode('latin1')
+        msg_digest = md5(message).hexdigest()
+
+        data = '{0}-36cd479b6b5-{1}-36cd479b6b5-{2}'.format(
+            URL, request_text, msg_digest)
+        data = pkcs7_padding(bytes_to_intlist(data))
+        encrypted = intlist_to_bytes(aes_ecb_encrypt(data, bytes_to_intlist(KEY)))
+        encrypted_params = hexlify(encrypted).decode('ascii').upper()
+
+        cookie = '; '.join(
+            ['{0}={1}'.format(k, v if v is not None else 'undefined')
+             for [k, v] in cookie.items()])
+
+        headers = {
+            'User-Agent': std_headers['User-Agent'],
+            'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
+            'Referer': 'https://music.163.com',
+            'Cookie': cookie,
+        }
+        return ('params={0}'.format(encrypted_params), headers)
+
+    def _call_player_api(self, song_id, bitrate):
+        url = 'https://interface3.music.163.com/eapi/song/enhance/player/url'
+        data, headers = self.make_player_api_request_data_and_headers(song_id, bitrate)
+        try:
+            msg = 'empty result'
+            result = self._download_json(
+                url, song_id, data=data.encode('ascii'), headers=headers)
+            if result:
+                return result
+        except ExtractorError as e:
+            if type(e.cause) in (ValueError, TypeError):
+                # JSON load failure
+                raise
+        except Exception as e:
+            msg = error_to_compat_str(e)
+            self.report_warning('%s API call (%s) failed: %s' % (
+                song_id, bitrate, msg))
+        return {}
+
    def extract_formats(self, info):
+        err = 0
        formats = []
+        song_id = info['id']
        for song_format in self._FORMATS:
            details = info.get(song_format)
            if not details:
                continue
-            song_file_path = '/%s/%s.%s' % (
-                self._encrypt(details['dfsId']), details['dfsId'], details['extension'])

-            # 203.130.59.9, 124.40.233.182, 115.231.74.139, etc is a reverse proxy-like feature
-            # from NetEase's CDN provider that can be used if m5.music.126.net does not
-            # work, especially for users outside of Mainland China
-            # via: https://github.com/JixunMoe/unblock-163/issues/3#issuecomment-163115880
-            for host in ('http://m5.music.126.net', 'http://115.231.74.139/m1.music.126.net',
-                         'http://124.40.233.182/m1.music.126.net', 'http://203.130.59.9/m1.music.126.net'):
-                song_url = host + song_file_path
+            bitrate = int_or_none(details.get('bitrate')) or 999000
+            data = self._call_player_api(song_id, bitrate)
+            for song in try_get(data, lambda x: x['data'], list) or []:
+                song_url = try_get(song, lambda x: x['url'])
+                if not song_url:
+                    continue
                if self._is_valid_url(song_url, info['id'], 'song'):
                    formats.append({
                        'url': song_url,
                        'ext': details.get('extension'),
-                        'abr': float_or_none(details.get('bitrate'), scale=1000),
+                        'abr': float_or_none(song.get('br'), scale=1000),
                        'format_id': song_format,
-                        'filesize': details.get('size'),
-                        'asr': details.get('sr')
+                        'filesize': int_or_none(song.get('size')),
+                        'asr': int_or_none(details.get('sr')),
                    })
-                    break
+                elif err == 0:
+                    err = try_get(song, lambda x: x['code'], int)
+
+        if not formats:
+            msg = 'No media links found'
+            if err != 0 and (err < 200 or err >= 400):
+                raise ExtractorError(
+                    '%s (site code %d)' % (msg, err, ), expected=True)
+            else:
+                self.raise_geo_restricted(
+                    msg + ': probably this video is not available from your location due to geo restriction.',
+                    countries=['CN'])
+
        return formats

    @classmethod
@ -76,33 +162,19 @@ class NetEaseMusicBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 class NetEaseMusicIE(NetEaseMusicBaseIE):
    IE_NAME = 'netease:song'
    IE_DESC = '网易云音乐'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://music\.163\.com/(#/)?song\?id=(?P<id>[0-9]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(y\.)?music\.163\.com/(?:[#m]/)?song\?.*?\bid=(?P<id>[0-9]+)'
    _TESTS = [{
        'url': 'http://music.163.com/#/song?id=32102397',
-        'md5': 'f2e97280e6345c74ba9d5677dd5dcb45',
+        'md5': '3e909614ce09b1ccef4a3eb205441190',
        'info_dict': {
            'id': '32102397',
            'ext': 'mp3',
-            'title': 'Bad Blood (feat. Kendrick Lamar)',
+            'title': 'Bad Blood',
            'creator': 'Taylor Swift / Kendrick Lamar',
-            'upload_date': '20150517',
-            'timestamp': 1431878400,
-            'description': 'md5:a10a54589c2860300d02e1de821eb2ef',
+            'upload_date': '20150516',
+            'timestamp': 1431792000,
+            'description': 'md5:25fc5f27e47aad975aa6d36382c7833c',
        },
-        'skip': 'Blocked outside Mainland China',
-    }, {
-        'note': 'No lyrics translation.',
-        'url': 'http://music.163.com/#/song?id=29822014',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '29822014',
-            'ext': 'mp3',
-            'title': '听见下雨的声音',
-            'creator': '周杰伦',
-            'upload_date': '20141225',
-            'timestamp': 1419523200,
-            'description': 'md5:a4d8d89f44656af206b7b2555c0bce6c',
-        },
-        'skip': 'Blocked outside Mainland China',
    }, {
        'note': 'No lyrics.',
        'url': 'http://music.163.com/song?id=17241424',
@ -112,9 +184,9 @@ class NetEaseMusicIE(NetEaseMusicBaseIE):
            'title': 'Opus 28',
            'creator': 'Dustin O\'Halloran',
            'upload_date': '20080211',
+            'description': 'md5:f12945b0f6e0365e3b73c5032e1b0ff4',
            'timestamp': 1202745600,
        },
-        'skip': 'Blocked outside Mainland China',
    }, {
        'note': 'Has translated name.',
        'url': 'http://music.163.com/#/song?id=22735043',
@ -128,7 +200,18 @@ class NetEaseMusicIE(NetEaseMusicBaseIE):
            'timestamp': 1264608000,
            'alt_title': '说出愿望吧(Genie)',
        },
-        'skip': 'Blocked outside Mainland China',
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://y.music.163.com/m/song?app_version=8.8.45&id=95670&uct2=sKnvS4+0YStsWkqsPhFijw%3D%3D&dlt=0846',
+        'md5': '95826c73ea50b1c288b22180ec9e754d',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '95670',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': '国际歌',
+            'creator': '马备',
+            'upload_date': '19911130',
+            'timestamp': 691516800,
+            'description': 'md5:1ba2f911a2b0aa398479f595224f2141',
+        },
    }]

    def _process_lyrics(self, lyrics_info):
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/nhk.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/nhk.py
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# coding: utf-8
 from __future__ import unicode_literals

 import re
@ -7,7 +8,7 @@ from ..utils import urljoin


 class NhkBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _API_URL_TEMPLATE = 'https://api.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/%sod%slist/v7a/%s/%s/%s/all%s.json'
+    _API_URL_TEMPLATE = 'https://nwapi.nhk.jp/nhkworld/%sod%slist/v7b/%s/%s/%s/all%s.json'
    _BASE_URL_REGEX = r'https?://www3\.nhk\.or\.jp/nhkworld/(?P<lang>[a-z]{2})/ondemand'
    _TYPE_REGEX = r'/(?P<type>video|audio)/'

@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ class NhkBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
    def _extract_episode_info(self, url, episode=None):
        fetch_episode = episode is None
        lang, m_type, episode_id = re.match(NhkVodIE._VALID_URL, url).groups()
-        if episode_id.isdigit():
+        if len(episode_id) == 7:
            episode_id = episode_id[:4] + '-' + episode_id[4:]

        is_video = m_type == 'video'
@ -84,7 +85,8 @@ class NhkBaseIE(InfoExtractor):


 class NhkVodIE(NhkBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'%s%s(?P<id>\d{7}|[^/]+?-\d{8}-[0-9a-z]+)' % (NhkBaseIE._BASE_URL_REGEX, NhkBaseIE._TYPE_REGEX)
+    # the 7-character IDs can have alphabetic chars too: assume [a-z] rather than just [a-f], eg
+    _VALID_URL = r'%s%s(?P<id>[0-9a-z]{7}|[^/]+?-\d{8}-[0-9a-z]+)' % (NhkBaseIE._BASE_URL_REGEX, NhkBaseIE._TYPE_REGEX)
    # Content available only for a limited period of time. Visit
    # https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/ondemand/ for working samples.
    _TESTS = [{
@ -124,6 +126,19 @@ class NhkVodIE(NhkBaseIE):
    }, {
        'url': 'https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/ondemand/audio/j_art-20150903-1/',
        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        # video, alphabetic character in ID #29670
+        'url': 'https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/ondemand/video/9999a34/',
+        'only_matching': True,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'qfjay6cg',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'DESIGN TALKS plus - Fishermen’s Finery',
+            'description': 'md5:8a8f958aaafb0d7cb59d38de53f1e448',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?:/(/[a-z0-9.-]+)+\.jpg\?w=1920&h=1080$',
+            'upload_date': '20210615',
+            'timestamp': 1623722008,
+        }
    }]

    def _real_extract(self, url):
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/nrk.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/nrk.py
@ -60,8 +60,7 @@ class NRKBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
        return self._download_json(
            urljoin('https://psapi.nrk.no/', path),
            video_id, note or 'Downloading %s JSON' % item,
-            fatal=fatal, query=query,
-            headers={'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br'})
+            fatal=fatal, query=query)


 class NRKIE(NRKBaseIE):
--- a/Show more
+++ b/Show more
				`@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				`# Empty file needed to make devscripts.utils properly importable from outside`